topic 10:using resources Flashcards
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising their ability of future generations to meet their own needs
In the UK, potable water is produced by
choosing an appropriate source of freshwater
Passing the water through filled beds to remove any solid solids
Sterilising to kill microbes
What are the sterilising agents for potable water?
sterilising agents used for potable include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light
-Chlorine is a toxic gas with the amount added to the water has to be carefully monitored
-Using ultraviolet light to kill microbes avoid adding chemicals to the water but it is more expensive
How is desalination carried out?
 desalination can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis. These processes require large amount of energy.
What is reverse osmosis?
see what is passed for a membrane that only allows through the water molecules it needs high-pressure to push the water through the membrane. The high-pressure will require a lot of energy to produce.
How is waste water produced and how is it treated?
urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce larger amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment
Sewage and agriculture waste water requires removal of organic matter and harmful microbes
Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and hamful chemicals
what are the processes involved in sewage treatment?
Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and affluent
anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
what do new methods of mining avoid in terms of disadvantages of traditional mining?
Always the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of larger amount of rock
what is phytomining
Uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are harvested and then burn to produce ash that contains metal compounds.
What is a bioleaching?
uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds
What is the main advantage and disadvantage of these metals?
these methods need less energy than traditional methods, and can work on low concentration ores but are slow to carry out
describe the stages of LCAs
life-cycle assessments are carried out to access the environment impact of products in each of these stages
-Extracting and processing raw materials
-manufacturing and packaging
-Use and operation during its lifetime
-Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage
how do we reduce the use of resources?
The reduction in use, reuse and recycle of materials by end uses reduces the use of limited resource resources, energy consumption, waste and environmental impacts
What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling?
advantages of recycling: less acid rain metal or reserves last longer, conserved energy for extraction save less mining, carrying less waste less landfill crates local employment
This adventuring of recycling; collection problems, transport problems, cost of transport difficult to separate metal from appliances
what is corrosion and how is it prevent prevented?
Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment, e.g. rusting
Corrosion can be prevented by applying a coating that has a barrier such as greasing, painting or electroplating. These methods of the air or water coming in contact with the metal.
describe the sacrificial protection
Some coatings are reactive and may contain corrosion inhibitors or a more reactive metal
If two metals are in contact, the more reactive metal will erode instead of the less reactive one
Describe the compounds and the uses of bronze, brass, gold and silver and copper and zinc aluminium magnesium steel
bronze – an ally of copper and 10 use making statues and decorative objects
Brass – an alloy of copper in sink keys for producing water taps and door fittings
Gold – jewellery
Aluminium magnesium – low density and using aerospace manufacturing
Steals – alloys of iron that contains specific amounts of carbon of metals it is strong but brittle low carbon steel is softer and more easily shaped
how are the properties of polymers determined?
thermo setting polymers do not melt on heating. The polymer molecules are linked to each other by strong cross links
thermosoftening polymers easily on heating and can be done remoulded , keeping the new shape on. The polymer molecules are attracted to each other by weak horses. 
how is glass made?
Most of the glass we use is soda lime glass made by heating a mixture of sand ,soda carbonate and limestone. Borosilicate glass made from sand and bar trioxide high temperature than soda lime glass.
how are clay ceramics made?
Clay ceramic, including pottery and bricks are made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a finance
How are composite formed?
Fibres or fragments of one material are surrounded by a binder material that holds these fibre fragments together
The harbour process uses high tea and peak conditions. Explain why this is so and why this is a compromise.
The conditions are a compromise between the rate and the yield
The reaction is exothermic an optimum temperature of 450°C is used using a lower temperature would give a higher yield but the rate of NH production would be too slow
A pressure of 200 ATM is used, using a high-pressure would give a higher yield but would be too expensive because of the cost of energy produced the high-pressure
How are compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium used?
compounds of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium uses fertilisers to improve agriculture productivity. NPK fertilisers contain compounds of all 3 elements.
