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Chemistry > Topic 10: Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10: Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main groups of ceramics?

A
  1. Clay ceramics
  2. Glass
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2
Q

What makes clay ideal for making pottery and bricks?

A

Its ability to be moulded when wet and then hardened

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3
Q

What is most glass made from?

A

Soda-lime glass

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4
Q

What is soda-lime glass composed of? [3]

A
  1. Limestone
  2. Sand
  3. Sodium carbonate (soda)
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5
Q

What is different about borosilicate glass?

A

Has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass

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6
Q

What is borosilicate glass composed of? [2]

A
  1. Sand
  2. Boron trioxide
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7
Q

What makes glass good for windows? [3]

A
  1. Transparent
  2. Strong
  3. Good thermal insulator
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8
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A material consisting of two or more materials with different properties, which have been combined to produce a material with more desirable properties

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9
Q

What are the 2 components of a composite material?

A
  1. The reinforcement
  2. The matrix
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10
Q

What does fibreglass (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Fibres of glass [1] embedded in a matrix made of plastic [1]

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11
Q

Why is fibreglass good for things like skis, boats and surfboards?

A

It has a low density but is very strong

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12
Q

What does carbon fibre (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Carbon fibres [1] embedded in a matrix made of plastic [1]

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13
Q

Why is carbon fibre good for things like sports cars?

A

Light but very strong

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14
Q

What does concrete (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Aggregate (sand and gravel) [1] embedded in cement [1]

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15
Q

Why is concrete good for building?

A

Very strong

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16
Q

What does wood (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Cellulose fibres [1] embedded in an organic polymer matrix [1]

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17
Q

What 2 things influence the properties of a polymer?

A
  1. What monomers they’re made from
  2. Conditions under which they are made
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18
Q

THINK: temp + pressure

How is low density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure

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19
Q

Is low density poly(ethene) flexible or rigid?

A

Flexible

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20
Q

What is low density poly(ethene) used in?

A

Bags and bottles

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21
Q

How is high density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene at a lower temperature and with a catalyst

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22
Q

Is high density poly(ethene) flexible or rigid?

A

Rigid

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23
Q

What is high density poly(ethene) used in?

A

Water tanks and drainpipes

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24
Q

Describe the structure of thermosoftening polymers

A

Made from lots of polymer chains held together by weak intermolecular forces

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25
Q

Why can thermosoftening polymers be melted and moulded?

A

The weak intermolecular forces break easily when melted

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26
Q

Describe the structure of thermosetting polymers

A

Made from lots of polymer chains held together by strong covalent bonds

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27
Q

Why are thermosetting polymers hard, strong and rigid?

A

The strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to be broken

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28
Q

Define ‘corrosion’

A

Where metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed

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29
Q

What is is called when iron corrodes?

A

Rusting

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30
Q

What conditions does iron need to rust? [2]

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Water
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31
Q

What is the equation for the rusting of iron?

A

iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron(III) oxide

32
Q

Compare the corrosion of iron and aluminium [2]

A
  1. When iron rusts, the rust flakes off to leave more iron available to rust again. This means that eventually all of the iron in an object corrodes away
  2. When aluminium corrodes it forms aluminium oxide which doesn’t flake off. In fact, it creates a protective layer which prevents any more aluminium from corroding
33
Q

What are the 2 main methods to prevent objects from rusting?

A
  1. Barrier methods
  2. Sacrificial method
34
Q

What are the 3 barrier methods to prevent rusting?

A
  1. Painting
  2. Electroplating
  3. Oiling/greasing
35
Q

How does a sacrificial method prevent an object from rusting?

A

It involves placing a more reactive metal with the iron. Water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal instead of with the iron

36
Q

Describe how galvanising prevents iron from rusting [2]

A
  1. Iron is sprayed with zinc which acts as a protective layer
  2. However, if the zinc is scratched, the zinc will act as a sacrificial method
37
Q

Define ‘sustainable development’

A

Development that takes account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of a Life Cycle Assessment?

A
  1. Extracting the raw materials
  2. Manufacturing and packaging
  3. Use of the product
  4. Disposal
39
Q

Problems with LCAs [2]

A
  1. Effects of pollutants is hard to quantify
  2. Selective LCAs can be written to promote a companies’ products
40
Q

Define ‘potable’ water

A

Water that is safe for humans to drink

41
Q

Why is potable water not considered ‘pure’?

A

Pure water only contains H₂O molecules whereas potable water can contain lots of other dissolved substances

42
Q

What are the 3 regulations that potable water has to meet?

A
  1. Levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high
  2. pH is between 6.5 - 8.5
  3. Aren’t any bacteria or microbes present
43
Q

What are the 2 sources of fresh water in the UK?

A
  1. Surface water
  2. Groundwater
44
Q

Describe the process of making water potable [3]

A
  1. Filter the water through wire mesh to get rid of any large particles e.g. twigs
  2. Filter it through gravel and sand beds to get rid of any smaller particles
  3. Sterilise the water to get rid of any harmful bacteria or microbes
45
Q

What are the 3 ways of sterilising water?

A
  1. Bubbling it through chlorine gas
  2. Ozone
  3. Ultraviolet light
46
Q

In hot countries, what is the main source of water?

A

Sea water

47
Q

What are the 2 methods of desalination?

A
  1. Distillation
  2. Reverse osmosis
48
Q

What are the problems with distillation and reverse osmosis?

A

Need lots of energy so are very expensive

49
Q

What are the 3 sources of waste water?

A
  1. Household
  2. Agricultural
  3. Industrial
50
Q

Describe the process of treating waste water (sewage) [6]

A
  1. The sewage is screened to remove any large bits of material
  2. The sewage is then left to stand in a settlement tank to undergo sedimentation
  3. The heavier solid sinks to the bottom to produce sludge and the lighter effluent floats at the top
  4. The sludge and effluent are separated
  5. The effluent is treated by biological aerobic digestion to break down organic matter and is then released back into the environment
  6. The sludge is broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion. This produces methane gas which is then used for fuel and the remaining digested waste is used for fertiliser
51
Q

How is waste water containing toxic substances treated? [2]

A
  1. Adding chemicals
  2. UV radiation
52
Q

What is the Haber process used to produce?

A

Ammonia

53
Q

What 2 reactants are needed to produce ammonia?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

54
Q

What is the production of ammonia used for?

A

Fertilisers

55
Q

Where is the nitrogen involved in Haber process obtained from?

A

The air (78% nitrogen)

56
Q

Where is the hydrogen involved in the Haber process obtained from?

A

Reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide

57
Q

What are the conditions of the Haber process? [3]

A
  1. High temperature (450°C)
  2. High pressure (200 atm)
  3. Iron catalyst
58
Q

What are the industrial conditions used in the Haber process and why? [3]

A
  1. A temperature of 450°C is used because this is high enough to ensure a fast rate of reaction without decreasing the yield of ammonia by too much
  2. A pressure of 200 atm is used in order to maximise the rate and the yield of the reaction. Higher pressure would be too expensive
  3. An iron catalyst is used to speed up the rate of reaction
59
Q

What is a fertiliser?

A

A substance that is applied to soil, in order to supply plants with nutrients

60
Q

What are the 3 elements in NPK fertilisers?

A
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Potassium
61
Q

Why is nitrogen important for plants?

A

Plants require it to make amino acids and hence proteins, which are essential for growth

62
Q

What is the main source of nitrogen in fertilisers?

A

Ammonia

63
Q

How can ammonia be used to make nitric acid?

A

It can be reacted with oxygen and water

64
Q

How can ammonia be used to make ammonium salts?

A

It can be reacted with acids (including nitric acid)

65
Q

How can phospate used in fertiliser be obtained?

A

Can be mined from the ground as phosphate rock

66
Q

What is the problem with phospate salts directly from rocks?

A

They are insoluble so cannot be used directly as fertilisers

67
Q

What has to be reacted with phospate rocks to produce soluble salts?

A

Acids

68
Q

What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid?

A

Calcium nitrate

69
Q

What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with sulfuric acid? [2]

A

Calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate

70
Q

What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with phosphoric acid?

A

Calcium phosphate

71
Q

What are the 2 sources of potassium in NPK fertilisers?

A
  1. Potassium chloride
  2. Potassium sulfate
72
Q

Pure gold is said to have how many carats?

A

24

73
Q

What is bronze made from?

A

Copper and tin

74
Q

What is brass made from?

A

Copper and zinc

75
Q

What is bronze used to make?

A

Medals

76
Q

What is brass used to make?

A

Water taps

77
Q

What are aluminium alloys used to make?

A

Aircraft

Chemistry (10 decks)

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