Chemistry > Topic 10: Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10: Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main groups of ceramics?

A
  1. Clay ceramics
  2. Glass
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2
Q

What makes clay ideal for making pottery and bricks?

A

Its ability to be moulded when wet and then hardened

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3
Q

What is most glass made from?

A

Soda-lime glass

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4
Q

What is soda-lime glass composed of? [3]

A
  1. Limestone
  2. Sand
  3. Sodium carbonate (soda)
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5
Q

What is different about borosilicate glass?

A

Has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass

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6
Q

What is borosilicate glass composed of? [2]

A
  1. Sand
  2. Boron trioxide
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7
Q

What makes glass good for windows? [3]

A
  1. Transparent
  2. Strong
  3. Good thermal insulator
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8
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A material consisting of two or more materials with different properties, which have been combined to produce a material with more desirable properties

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9
Q

What are the 2 components of a composite material?

A
  1. The reinforcement
  2. The matrix
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10
Q

What does fibreglass (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Fibres of glass [1] embedded in a matrix made of plastic [1]

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11
Q

Why is fibreglass good for things like skis, boats and surfboards?

A

It has a low density but is very strong

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12
Q

What does carbon fibre (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Carbon fibres [1] embedded in a matrix made of plastic [1]

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13
Q

Why is carbon fibre good for things like sports cars?

A

Light but very strong

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14
Q

What does concrete (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Aggregate (sand and gravel) [1] embedded in cement [1]

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15
Q

Why is concrete good for building?

A

Very strong

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16
Q

What does wood (composite material) consist of? [2]

A

Cellulose fibres [1] embedded in an organic polymer matrix [1]

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17
Q

What 2 things influence the properties of a polymer?

A
  1. What monomers they’re made from
  2. Conditions under which they are made
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18
Q

THINK: temp + pressure

How is low density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure

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19
Q

Is low density poly(ethene) flexible or rigid?

A

Flexible

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20
Q

What is low density poly(ethene) used in?

A

Bags and bottles

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21
Q

How is high density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene at a lower temperature and with a catalyst

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22
Q

Is high density poly(ethene) flexible or rigid?

A

Rigid

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23
Q

What is high density poly(ethene) used in?

A

Water tanks and drainpipes

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24
Q

Describe the structure of thermosoftening polymers

A

Made from lots of polymer chains held together by weak intermolecular forces

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25
Why can **thermosoftening** polymers be melted and moulded?
The weak intermolecular forces break easily when melted
26
Describe the structure of **thermosetting** polymers
Made from lots of polymer chains held together by strong covalent bonds
27
Why are **thermosetting** polymers hard, strong and rigid?
The strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to be broken
28
Define **'corrosion'**
Where metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed
29
What is is called when **iron** corrodes?
Rusting
30
What conditions does **iron** need to rust? [2]
1. Oxygen 2. Water
31
What is the equation for the rusting of iron?
iron + oxygen + water ---> hydrated iron(III) oxide
32
Compare the **corrosion** of iron and aluminium [2]
1. When iron rusts, the rust flakes off to leave more iron available to rust again. This means that eventually all of the iron in an object corrodes away 2. When aluminium corrodes it forms aluminium oxide which doesn't flake off. In fact, it creates a protective layer which prevents any more aluminium from corroding
33
What are the 2 main methods to **prevent** objects from rusting?
1. Barrier methods 2. Sacrificial method
34
What are the 3 **barrier** methods to prevent rusting?
1. Painting 2. Electroplating 3. Oiling/greasing
35
How does a **sacrificial** method prevent an object from rusting?
It involves placing a more reactive metal with the iron. Water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal instead of with the iron
36
Describe how **galvanising** prevents iron from rusting [2]
1. Iron is sprayed with zinc which acts as a protective layer 2. However, if the zinc is scratched, the zinc will act as a sacrificial method
37
Define **'sustainable development'**
Development that takes account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations
38
What are the 4 stages of a Life Cycle Assessment?
1. Extracting the raw materials 2. Manufacturing and packaging 3. Use of the product 4. Disposal
39
Problems with LCAs [2]
1. Effects of pollutants is hard to quantify 2. Selective LCAs can be written to promote a companies' products
40
Define **'potable'** water
Water that is safe for humans to drink
41
Why is potable water not considered **'pure'**?
Pure water only contains H₂O molecules whereas potable water can contain lots of other dissolved substances
42
What are the 3 **regulations** that potable water has to meet?
1. Levels of dissolved salts aren't too high 2. pH is between 6.5 - 8.5 3. Aren't any bacteria or microbes present
43
What are the 2 sources of **fresh** water in the UK?
1. Surface water 2. Groundwater
44
Describe the process of making water **potable** [3]
1. Filter the water through wire mesh to get rid of any large particles e.g. twigs 2. Filter it through gravel and sand beds to get rid of any smaller particles 3. Sterilise the water to get rid of any harmful bacteria or microbes
45
What are the 3 ways of **sterilising** water?
1. Bubbling it through chlorine gas 2. Ozone 3. Ultraviolet light
46
In hot countries, what is the main source of water?
Sea water
47
What are the 2 methods of **desalination**?
1. Distillation 2. Reverse osmosis
48
What are the problems with distillation and reverse osmosis?
Need lots of energy so are very expensive
49
What are the 3 sources of **waste** **water**?
1. Household 2. Agricultural 3. Industrial
50
Describe the process of treating waste water (sewage) [6]
1. The sewage is screened to remove any large bits of material 2. The sewage is then left to stand in a settlement tank to undergo sedimentation 3. The heavier solid sinks to the bottom to produce sludge and the lighter effluent floats at the top 4. The sludge and effluent are separated 5. The effluent is treated by biological aerobic digestion to break down organic matter and is then released back into the environment 6. The sludge is broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion. This produces methane gas which is then used for fuel and the remaining digested waste is used for fertiliser
51
How is waste water containing **toxic** substances treated? [2]
1. Adding chemicals 2. UV radiation
52
What is the **Haber** process used to produce?
Ammonia
53
What 2 **reactants** are needed to produce ammonia?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
54
What is the production of ammonia used for?
Fertilisers
55
Where is the **nitrogen** involved in Haber process obtained from?
The air (78% nitrogen)
56
Where is the **hydrogen** involved in the Haber process obtained from?
Reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide
57
What are the **conditions** of the Haber process? [3]
1. High temperature (450°C) 2. High pressure (200 atm) 3. Iron catalyst
58
What are the industrial **conditions** used in the Haber process and why? [3]
1. A temperature of 450°C is used because this is high enough to ensure a fast rate of reaction without decreasing the yield of ammonia by too much 2. A pressure of 200 atm is used in order to maximise the rate and the yield of the reaction. Higher pressure would be too expensive 3. An iron catalyst is used to speed up the rate of reaction
59
What is a **fertiliser**?
A substance that is applied to soil, in order to supply plants with nutrients
60
What are the 3 elements in NPK fertilisers?
1. Nitrogen 2. Phosphorus 3. Potassium
61
Why is **nitrogen** important for plants?
Plants require it to make amino acids and hence proteins, which are essential for growth
62
What is the main source of **nitrogen** in fertilisers?
Ammonia
63
How can ammonia be used to make **nitric acid**?
It can be reacted with oxygen and water
64
How can ammonia be used to make **ammonium salts**?
It can be reacted with acids (including nitric acid)
65
How can **phospate** used in fertiliser be obtained?
Can be mined from the ground as phosphate rock
66
What is the problem with phospate salts directly from rocks?
They are insoluble so cannot be used directly as fertilisers
67
What has to be reacted with phospate rocks to produce soluble salts?
Acids
68
What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with **nitric acid**?
Calcium nitrate
69
What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with **sulfuric acid**? [2]
Calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
70
What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with **phosphoric acid**?
Calcium phosphate
71
What are the 2 sources of **potassium** in NPK fertilisers?
1. Potassium chloride 2. Potassium sulfate
72
Pure gold is said to have how many carats?
24
73
What is **bronze** made from?
Copper and tin
74
What is **brass** made from?
Copper and zinc
75
What is **bronze** used to make?
Medals
76
What is **brass** used to make?
Water taps
77
What are **aluminium alloys** used to make?
Aircraft
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