Topic 10: Using resources

Question 1

What do we use earths natural resources for?

Answer 1

Warmth,shelter, food, clothing and transport.

Question 2

If the population increases what else increases?

Answer 2

Earths finite resources increase.

Question 3

Examples of finite resources

Answer 3

They are in limited supply e.g. coal, oil and gas. They all provide energy but will one day run out.

Question 4

What is crude oil?

Answer 4

Crude oil is processed through fractional distillation and cracking to produce petrol, diesel and kerosene.

Question 5

What are renewable resources?

Answer 5

Renewable resources will not run out in the near future because the reserve of these resources are high. E.g. solar energy,wind power,hydropower and geothermal energy.

Question 6

What is potable water?

Answer 6

Potable water is water that is safe to drink it is not pure it contains dissolved impiurities. It must contains low levels of microbes and salts for it to be safe. high levels of microbes and salts = bad health.

Question 7

Whats the defintion of pure?

Answer 7

The defintion of a pure substance is one that only contains a single type of material.

Question 8

How are insoluble particles removed?

Answer 8

By passing it through filter beds and microbes are killed by sterilizing the water.

Question 9

3 sterilizing agents?

Answer 9

Chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.

Question 10

Whats desalination?

Answer 10

requires large amounts of energy and can be done by distillation or the use of membranes such as reverse osmosis.

Question 11

What’s reverse osmosis of sea water?

Answer 11

It is forcing water through a membrane at high pressure. each membrane has tiny holes in it only allowing water molecules to pass through.

Question 12

Whats a disadvantage of reverse osmosis?

Answer 12

It produces large amounts of waste waterand requires expensive use of membranes.Very ineffecient.

Question 13

What could industrial and agriculturial waste contain?

Answer 13

High levels of toxic metal compounds and fertilisers and pesticides which can damage the ecosystems.

Question 14

Explain cleaning sewage in 3 steps:

Answer 14

Step 1: Water must be screened. Where the branches, twigs and grit are removed.
Step 2: Water undergoes sedimentation waste water is placed in a settlement tank. Heavier solids sink to the bottom and form a sludge whilst lighter effluent floats on the surface.
Step 3: Effluent transferred to another tank where the oragnic matter undergoes aerobic digestion. water isn’t pure but is safe to put back into the enviroment . Sludge is placed into another tank for anaerobic digestion. Broken down to produce fertiliser and methane gas used as energy resource.

Question 15

How do you measure the mass of dissolved solids in a water sample?

Answer 15

Measure out 50 cm cubed of sample using measuring cylinder. Take mass of evaporating basin before heating . Place the water into an evaporating basin and gently heat over a bunsen burner until all the liquid has been evaporated. Alow basin to cool. Calculate mass of solid left behind.

Question 16

How do you distillate a water sample?

Answer 16

Set up a bunsen burner and place a boiling chamber over the top of it connected with a condesnor to the collector. Heat the wayer gently after a short time the water should be produced.

Question 17

Explain Stage 1 of the LCA.

Answer 17

Exracting raw materials needed to make the products an then processing them. Energy and enviromental costs need to be considered. Example: Finite resource/ renwable resource and energy needed to extraxt the raw mterial.

Question 18

Explain Stage 2 of the LCA.

Answer 18

Manufacturing and packaging of the product. How much energy and resources are needed to make the product. Pollution and waste products considered. Transportation.

Question 19

Explain Stage 3 of the LCA.

Answer 19

Use of the product during its lifetime. Enviromental impact of a product during its life.

Question 20

Explain Stage 4 of the LCA.

Answer 20

Disposal at the end of the product’s life.
1. Landfill - put in a hole in the ground high enviromental impact.
2. Incineration- Burning of the product low enviromental impact.
3. recycling No new compounds taken out of the enviroment.

Question 21

What is a disadvantage of comparitive LCA’s?

Answer 21

Some parts of it require certain judgements to be made. Different people = different opinions.

Question 22

Name 3 advantages to recycling.

Answer 22

Fewer resources sich as mines/quarries are eneeded to remove raw, finite materials from the ground.
Crude oil doesn’t need to be extracted when making plastics avoiding high energy cists . More recycling = less landfill
Amount of greenhouse gases decreases energy cost of recycling less than making new product.

Question 23

Name 3 disadvantages to recycling.

Answer 23

Requires colllection and trasnporationa of the goods. Staff, vehicles and fuels.
Some materials (metals) difficult to sort.
Stee that is udes in the construction industry doens’t require such high purity . Reduces need for as much iron ore and reducea the cost of making steel.

Question 24

What is phytomining?

Answer 24

Use of plants. Plants abosrob metal compounds from the soil. Plants can’t get rid of copper ions and it builds up in the leaves. The plants are then harvested, dried and then placed in a furnace. Ash produced contains soluble copper compunds that can be exracted. Ash dissolved in acid copper extracted by electrolysis or through a displacment reaction with iron.

Question 25

What is Bioleaching?

Answer 25

Uses bacteria to produce an acidic solution called leachate containing copper ions. Disadvantage produces toxic subtances that are harmful to the enviroment. Copper undergoes displacement reaction. Iron is cheaper and more cost effective way of producing copper from leachate.

Question 26

What is a steel alloy?

Answer 26

Alloy made up of iron with certain amounts of carbon.

Question 27

Use of high carbon steel.

Answer 27

Strong and brittle and used in the construction industry.

Question 28

Use of low carbon steel.

Answer 28

Softer and more easily shaped. Useful for making car body panels.

Question 29

Use of Stainless steel.

Answer 29

Made up of iron, chromium and nickel . Used for making cutlery doesn’t rust.

Question 30

What are thermosetting plastics?

Answer 30

Polymer chains held together by strong covalent bonds . Plastics in he group can withstand higher temps and don’t melt when heated. High melting points. Used to make electrical plugs.

Question 31

Chemical formula of ammonia.

Answer 31

NH3

Question 32

What does ammonia produce in neutralisation reactions?

Answer 32

Ammonium ion NH-4

Question 33

What does oxdation of ammonia produce?

Answer 33

Nitric acid.

Question 34

Alkali + acid

Answer 34

—> salt

Question 35

Write an equation on what ammonia produces in an aqueous solution.

Answer 35

Ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid
——> ammonium nitrate + water

Question 36

What is ammonium sulfate used as?

Answer 36

Fertiliser

Question 37

How do you make sulfuric acid?

Answer 37

Sulfur, air and water. Sulfur firsts reacts with oxygen = sulfur dioxide. Furth er reacts with oxygen at a temp of 450C produce sulfur trioxide. Reacts with water to produce sukfuric acid.

Question 38

How do you make ammonium sulfate in a laboratory?

Answer 38

Stage 1: Measured amount of ammonium sulfate solution poured into a conical flask.
Stage 2: Add 2 to 3 drops of the indicator Methyl orange. Will turn yellow as it is an alkaline.
Stage 3: Conical flask placed under biurette conating sulfuric acid. Slowly added to the flask unitl the indicator turns orange. Red = too much acid.
Stage 4: Solution turns orange volume of acid recorded .
Stage 5: Then repated with same volume of sulfuric acid and ammonia solution. Indicator not added. Solution heated water evaporates leaving crystals. Crystals then placed in an oven.