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Anatomy > Topic 10: Spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum > Flashcards

Topic 10: Spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

4 main components of the spinal cord

A
  1. conus medullaris
  2. filum terminale
  3. cauda equine
  4. cervical/lumbar enlargements
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2
Q

component of the spinal cord that tapers into the inferior end of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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3
Q

component of the spinal cord that is long connective tissue filament that extends from the conus medillaris to coccyx and anchors the spinal cord in place

A

filum terminale

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4
Q

component of spinal cord that is a collection of spinal nerve roots in inferior end of the vertebral canal

A

cauda equine

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5
Q

component of the spinal cord that is where the nerves of upper and lower limbs arise

A

cervical/lumbar enlargements

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6
Q

in which direction is the spinal cord the widest?

A

laterally

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7
Q

3 major function of the spinal cord

A
  1. attaches to spinal nerves and are involved in sensory and motor innervation of body below head
  2. provides a two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and brain
  3. major center for reflexes
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8
Q

location of the spinal cord

A

vertebral foramina

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9
Q

extension of spinal cord in infants

A

foramen magnum to L3

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10
Q

extension of spinal cord in adults

A

foramen magnum to L1/L2

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11
Q

how many total pairs of spinal nerves in PNS?

A

31 pairs

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12
Q

Where do spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord

A

dorsal and ventral roots

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13
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs in the cervical vertebrae?

A

8

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14
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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15
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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16
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs in the sacral vertebrae?

A

5

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17
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs in the coccygeal vertebrae

A

1

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18
Q

in what anatomical direction is the corresponding spinal nerve in relation to the the invertebral foramina located? and Why?

A

superior

spinal cord doesn’t extend all the way down the vertebral column

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19
Q

in what vertebral level is spinal cord segment T5 located?

A

T4

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20
Q

in what vertebra level is spinal cord segment S1 located?

A

L1

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21
Q

what indicates the region of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves fibers first emerge?

A

spinal cord segments

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22
Q

What two grooves in the spinal cord divide it into left and right halves? Which is wider?

A
  • dorsal (posterior) median sulcus

- ventral (anterior) median fissure WIDER

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23
Q

white matter fibers that carry sensory information from sensory neurons to the brain

A

ascending fibers

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24
Q

white matter fibers that carry motor information from brain to the spinal cord to stimulate muscle contraction or gland secretion

A

descending fibers

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25
Q

white matter fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to another

A

commissural fibers

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26
Q

component of white matter in which bundle of axons crosses from one side of the CNS to another

A

commissure

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27
Q

main function of spinal cord

A

communication within spinal cord and between brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

3 funiculi of white matter

A
  1. dorsal (posteior) funinculus
  2. ventral (Anterior) funinculus
  3. lateral funinculus
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29
Q

what are the 7 components of gray matter in the spinal cord

A

-gray commissure
-dorsal horns
-ventral horns
-lateral horns
-dorsal root ganglia
-dorsal root
ventral roots

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30
Q

component of gray matter that is the cross-bar of the H, contains unmyelinated axons, narrow central cavity cavity (central canal)

A

gray commissure

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31
Q

component of gray matter posterior arms of H; run as column entire length of spinal cord; interneurons receive info from sensory neurons

A

dorsal horns

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32
Q

component of gray matter anterior arms of H; run as a column the entire length of spinal cord, contain cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons; largest in cervical and lumbar segments–innervate upper and lower limbs

A

ventral horns

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33
Q

component of gray matter with small lateral columns in the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of spinal cord and contain cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

A

lateral horns

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34
Q

component of gray matter that is the location of sensory neuron cell bodies (outside the spinal cord)

A

dorsal root ganglia

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35
Q

component of gray matter that connects sensory neuron to the spinal cord

A

dorsal roots

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36
Q

component of gray matter that sends motor neuron axons to supply muscle and glands

A

ventral roots

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37
Q

dorsal sensory half of gray matter

A
  • SS (somatic sensory)

- VS (visceral sensory)

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38
Q

ventral motor half of gray matter

A
  • VM (visceral autonomic motor)

- SM (somatic neuron)

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39
Q

loss of sensory function; caused by damage to the dorsal horn or sensory neuron cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

A

paresthesia

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40
Q

disorder caused by damage to the ventral horn or ventral motor roots destroying the motor neurons

A

paralysis

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41
Q

3 things that protect the spinal cord

A
  1. vertebrae
  2. meninges
  3. CSF
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42
Q

3 connective tissue membranes that compose the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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43
Q

order of meninges tissue membranes from internal to external?

A
  1. Pia mater
  2. Subarachnoid space
  3. Arachnoid mater
  4. Subdural space
  5. Dura mater
  6. Epidural space
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44
Q

fat-rich cushioning space external to dura mater

A

epidural space

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45
Q

most external layer; strongest layer of meninges, single leathery layer of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding CNS (extend to level of S2)

A

dura mater

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46
Q

thin-fluid filled space in btw dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

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47
Q

layer lies deep to the dura mater (extend to level of S2)

A

arachnoid mater

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48
Q

filled with CSF and large blood vessels; spanned with web-like threads that anchor the arachnoid mater to the pia mater

A

subarachnoid mater

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49
Q

innermost layer of meninges; clings tightly to the surface of the spinal cord, layer of connective tissue, vascularized w/small blood vessels, extends to the coccyx covering the filum terminate; denticulate ligaments anchor spinal cord laterally to the arachnoid and dura mater throughout the length of the cord

A

pia mater

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50
Q

watery fluid that fills the subarachnoid space and hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord

A

CSF

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51
Q

function of CSF

A

provides liquid cushion and buoyancy for the spinal cord and brain, nourishes brain and spinal cord, removes wastes produced neurons, carriers chemical signals between parts of the CNS

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52
Q

location of a lumbar puncture/spinal tap

A

(L1-L2)

53
Q

4 things that protect the brain

A
  1. skull
  2. meninges
  3. CSF
  4. Blood-brain barrier
54
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A
  1. periosteal layer

2. meningeal layer

55
Q

two dural sinuses

A
  1. dural sinuses

2. superior sagittal sinus

56
Q

outer layer of dura mater that attaches to the internal surface of the skull bones

A

periosteal layer

57
Q

deeper layer of dura mater which forms external covering of the brain and is continuous the with dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord

A

meningeal layer

58
Q

sinuses in the dura mater that collect blood from the brain and conduct it to the large internal jugular veins of the neck

A

dural sinuses

59
Q

sinuses in the dura mater that are their largest dural sinus and is positioned in the superior midline

A

superior sagittal sinus

60
Q

function of arachnoid villi

A

act as valves that allow CSF to bass from subarachnoid space into dural blood sinuses

61
Q

location of arachnoid villi

A

project through the dura mater over the superior part of the brain into superior part of the brain into suoeior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses

62
Q

inflammation of meningeal tissues from infection

A

meningitis

63
Q

inflammation of brain or spinal cord from infection

A

encephalitis

64
Q

weight of average adult brain

A

1500 grams

65
Q

main functions of the brain

A

-preforms the most complex neural functions: intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, cranial nerves involved in innervation of the head

66
Q

which two body systems does the brain control and maintain?

A

autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

67
Q

during what week of embryonic development does the brain arise from rostral part of the neural tube, caudal position becomes spinal cord

A

week 4

68
Q

what are the three primary brain vesicles? and where are they located

A
  • Prosencephalon–the forebrain
  • Mesencephalon–the midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon–the hindbrain
69
Q

during what week of embryonic development does secondary brain vesicles emerge

A

week 5

70
Q

what does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

71
Q

what does the mesencephalon become?

A

remains undivided

72
Q

what does the rhombencephalon divides into?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

73
Q

what adult brain structures does the telencephalon develop into?

A

cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

what adult brain structures does the diencephalon develop into?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

75
Q

what adult brain structures does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

midbrian

76
Q

what adult brain structures does the metencephalon develop into?

A

pons and cerebellum

77
Q

what adult brain structures does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

medulla oblongata

78
Q

brain structures from rostral and caudal

A 
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
caudal
79
Q

ventricles of the brain located in telencephalon; horseshpe shaped bending of cerebral hemispheres

A

paired lateral ventricles

80
Q

what is each lateral ventricle composed of?

A
  • anterior horn
  • posterior horn
  • inferior horn
81
Q

what separates the anterior horn of each lateral ventricle

A

septum pellucidum

82
Q

what lies in the roof of the paired lateral ventricles?

A

choroid plexus

83
Q

what ventricle lies in the diencephalon?

A

3rd`

84
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

A

interventricular foramena

85
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

86
Q

what lies in the roof of the 3rd ventricle/ cerebral aqueduct?

A

choroid plexus

87
Q

location of the 4th ventricle?

A

hindbrain

88
Q

what are the three apertures of the 4th ventricle

A
  • paired lateral apertures (side walls)

- median aperture (roof)

89
Q

what lies in the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

choroid plexus

90
Q

location of most CSF formation from blood plasma

A

choroid plexus

91
Q

components of CSF

A
  • glucose
  • oxygen
  • vitamins
  • ions e.g. Na, Cl, Mg
92
Q

CSF movement (4 steps)

A
  1. CSF enters ventricles
  2. enters subarachnoid space through the lateral and median apertures in the walls of the 4th ventricle
  3. Flows through subarachnoid space and bathes cells
  4. passes through arachnoid villi and is absorbed into the blood throug h the venous dural sinuses
93
Q

rate of CSF cycling

A

500 ml/day

94
Q

excessive accumulation of CSF in ventricles and/or subarachnoid space

A

hydrocephalus

95
Q

function of the blood brain barrier

A

prevents some blood-borne toxins and some drugs from entering the brain

96
Q

what can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

oxygen, fat soluable molecules like alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics

97
Q

what % of brain mass is the brainstem?

A

2.5%

98
Q

what three structures make up the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

99
Q

main functions of brainstem?

A
  • passage for fiber tracts running through cerebrum and spinal cord
  • innervation of face and head
  • automatic behaviors
100
Q

ratio of cranial nerves associated with the brain stem

A

9 out of 12

101
Q

most rostral region of the brainstem

A

midbrain

102
Q

midbrain lies between?

A

pons and diencephalon

103
Q

central cavity of the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

104
Q

ventral surface of the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles contain pyramodial tracts descending from cerebrum to the spinal cord

105
Q

ventral part of each penducle is called?

A

crus cerebi

106
Q

surrounds the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain

A

periaqueductal gray matter

107
Q

periaqueductal gray matter function

A

involved in sympatheitc reaction

mediates response in visceral

108
Q

the largest brain nuclei which make up the tectum (roof) of dorsal midbrain and form four bumps on the dorsal midbrain

A

corpora quadrigemina

109
Q

two colliculi of midbrain and what are their function

A
  1. superior colliculi

2. inferior colloculi

110
Q

gray matter is embedded in midbrain, contain cell bodies melaninin in band-like distrubtions

A

substantia nigra

111
Q

location substantia nigra

A

positioned deep to pyramdial tracts of cerebral peduncle

112
Q

degeneration of neuron in the substantia nigra contributes to which neurological disorder?

A

Parkinson’s disease

113
Q

gray matter that is in midbrain white matter

A

red nucleus

114
Q

location of red nucleus in midbrain

A

lies deep to substantia nigra

115
Q

what gives the red nucleus it’s red color?

A

rich blood supply and presence for iron pigment in neuron cell bodies

116
Q

a bulge in the in the brainstem between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

A

pons

117
Q

conical shaped, most caudal level of the brainstem, that is continous with the spinal cord at level of foramen magnum skull

A

medulla oblongata

118
Q

large wavy fold of gray matter in medulla oblongata

A

olive

119
Q

function of olive in medulla oblongata

A

relay station for sensory information traveling to cerebellum, especially for proprioceptive information ascending from the spinal cord

120
Q

function of pyramid tracts

A

carrying voluntary motor output from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

121
Q

crossing over motor tracts enable each cerebral hemisphere to control the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body through this processes

A

decussation of the pyramids

122
Q

loose cluster of brain nucleu that run through the core of the brainstem to stimulate cerebral alertness and regulate muscles

A

reticular formations

123
Q

what % of brain mass is the cerebellum

A

11%

124
Q

smoothes and coordinates body movements directed by other brain regions, helps maintain posture and equilibrium

A

cerebellum

125
Q

cerebellar hemispheres connected medially by?

A

vermis

126
Q

cerebellar hemispheres subdivided into which three lobes

A

anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe

127
Q

outer gray matter which is a neuron rich calculator that smooths out body movements

A

cereberal hemisphere cortex

128
Q

internal white matter rich in axons which carry information to and from the cortex

A

arbor vitae

129
Q

surface of cerebellum folded into ridges called?

A

folia

Anatomy (4 decks)

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