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gcse chemistry 9-1 > topic 10 resources > Flashcards

topic 10 resources Flashcards

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1
Q

what is portable water

A

water that has been treated or is naturally safe for humans to drink

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2
Q

what does pure water contain

A

H2O molecules

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3
Q

why isn’t portable water pure

A

because it contains lots of dissolved substances

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4
Q

what is the important thing to consider with portable water (3)

A
  • that the levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high
  • that it has a pH between 6.5 and 8.5
  • there isn’t bacteria or microbes in the water
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5
Q

`what type of water is rainwater

A

``fresh water

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6
Q

what is fresh water

A

water that doesn’t have much dissolved in it

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7
Q

what are the 2 ways that water can collect as

A

surface water (in lakes,rivers or as groundwater (in rocks called aquifers)

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8
Q

what does surface water tend to usually do

A

dry up first

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9
Q

so where does the water come from for warmer places

A

groundwater

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10
Q

what are the 2 ways that freshwater can be treated by

A
  • filtration

- sterilisation

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11
Q

how is filtration used to treat freshwater

A

a wire mesh screens out large twigs and then gravel and sand beds filter out any solid bits

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12
Q

how is sterilisation used to treat freshwater

A

the water is sterilised to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes. this can be done by bubbling chlorine gas through it or by using ozone or ultraviolet light

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13
Q

how is seawater treated in some very hot countries if there isn’t enough groundwater to provide portable water

A

by desalination

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14
Q

by what method can you test and purify a sample of water

A

by distillation

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15
Q

when you flush water where does the water go to

A

into the sewers and towards sewage treatment plants

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16
Q

what waste do agricultural systems produce

A
  • nutrient run-off from fields

- slurry from animal farms

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17
Q

what must happen to sewage from domestic or agricultural sources and why

A

it has to be treated to remove any organic matter and harmful microbes before it is put back into freshwater sources like rivers

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18
Q

other than desalination, how else can seawater be treated

A

by a process that use membranes- reverse osmosis

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19
Q

how is seawater treated by membranes (steps)

A

-the salty water is passed through a MEMBRANE that only allows water molecules to pass through. Ions and larger molecules are TRAPPED by the membrane so separated from the water

20
Q

why is distillation and reverse osmosis bad

A

-they require loads of energy so they are really expensive and are not practical for producing large quantities of fresh water

21
Q

why is mining ores bad for the environment

A

because it uses loads of energy, scars the landscape, produces lots of waste and destroys habitats

22
Q

2 examples of natural resources

A

cotton for clothing or oil for fuel

23
Q

how can some natural products be replaced

A

by synthetic products or improved upon by man-made processes

24
Q

how can rubber be extracted

A

by the sap of the tree

25
Q

what can replace rubber

A

man-made polymers

26
Q

what does agriculture provide

A

conditions where natural resources can be enhanced for our needs (development of fertilisers mean we can produce a high yield of crops)

27
Q

2 examples of renewable energy resources

A

freshwater and food

28
Q

what are finite resources

A

non-renewable resources

29
Q

what are found in ores of the earth that makes them finite

A

minerals and metals

30
Q

after being extracted, what do finite resources undergo

A

man-made processes to provide fuels and materials necessary for modern life (fractional distillation is used to provide fuels)

31
Q

what is sustainable development

A

an approach to development that takes account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations

32
Q

why is extracting resources unsustainable

A

due to the amount of energy used and the waste produced

33
Q

how is processing unsustainable

A

as it uses energy that is made from finite resources

34
Q

how can we reduce the use of finite resources

A
  • use less of it

- reduce the way it is produced

35
Q

what have chemists developed in relation to using less finite resources

A

catalysts

36
Q

what are catalysts used to do

A

reduce the amount of energy required for certain individual processes

37
Q

how can we improve the sustainability of copper

A

by extracting it from low-grade ores (ores without much copper in)

38
Q

what 2 low-grade methods are there for when extracting copper

A
  • bioleaching

- phytomining

39
Q

what is bioleaching

A

-bacteria are used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, separating out the copper from the ore in the process

40
Q

what does the leachate (the solution produced by by bioleaching) contain

A

copper ions, which can be extracted

41
Q

why is recycling metals good (3)

A
  • uses much less energy than is needed to mine and extract new metal
  • conserves the finite amount of each metal in the earth
  • cuts down on the amount of waste getting sent to landfills
42
Q

how are metals recycled

A

by melting them and then casting them into the shape of the new products

43
Q

how can glass recycling help sustainability

A

by reducing the amount of energy needed to make new glass products and also the amount of waste created when used glass is thrown away.

44
Q

how is glass separated before being recycled

A

by colour and chemical composition

45
Q

how is glass reused (steps)

A

the glass is crushed and then melted to be reshaped for use in glass products

46
Q

what does the life cycle assessment show about plastic bags

A

even though they are not “biodegradable”, they can take less energy to make and have a longer lifespan than paper bags so they are less harmful to the environment.

47
Q

why are some LCAs bad

A

they may only show some of the impacts of a product on the environment and also be biased as they can be written to deliberately support the claims of the company

gcse chemistry 9-1 (2 decks)

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