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BIO 1030 > Topic 10 - Plant Reproduction & Development > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Plant Reproduction & Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sporogenesis & Gametogenesis

A
  • Gametophytes
    • Gametogenesis
    • Gametangia of gametophyte
      • Archegonia
      • Antheridia
  • Sporophytes
    • Sporogenesis
    • Sporangia of sporophyte
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2
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Does NOT produce gametes
  • Sporangia
    • Haploid spores
  • Homospory
    • All spores are visually identical by size
  • Heterospory
    • 2 kinds of spores, differ by size
      • Megaspores
      • Microspores
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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • ALWAYS by mitosis
  • Gametangia
    • Antheridia: multiple sperm
    • Archegonia: single egg
  • Seed plants?
    • Sperm
    • Eggs
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4
Q

Gamete Transfer

A
  • A major issue for plants
    • Sessile
  • Dependence on water
    • Mosses, ferns
    • Reflected in structure
  • Independence from water
    • Seed plants
    • Pollination
      • Wind
      • Animals
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5
Q

Prevention of Self-Fertilization

A
  • Incomplete flowers
    • Staminate flowers
      • Lacks the carpel
    • Carpellate flowers
      • Lacks the stamen
  • Flower dimorphism
    • Thrum individuals
      • TALL stamens
    • Pin individuals
      • Short stamens
  • Not always a big deal
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6
Q

Anthophyta Pollination

A
  • Indirect Pollination
  • Double fertilization
  • Nutritional source
  • Seed develops inside a fruit
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7
Q

Embryo Development

A
  • Zygote to embryo
    • Happens within the seed
  • ‘Cleavage’
    • Terminal cell
      • Proembryo
      • Embryo (most)
    • Basal cell
      • Suspensor
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8
Q

Embryo Development (Part 2)

A
  • Embryonic organs
    • Cotyledons
      • Seed leaves
      • Thin or thick
      • 1 or many
    • Epicotyl
      • Eventually develops into leaves
      • Shoot apical meristem
    • Hypocotyl
      • Beneath the cotyledons
    • Radicle
      • Root apical meristem
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9
Q

Seed Dispersal

A
  • Gymnosperms
    • Seed coat extensions
    • Wind
  • Angiosperms
    • Fruit
    • Water
    • Wind
    • Animals
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10
Q

Seed Dormancy

A
  • Growth begins here
    • Only one embryo per seed
  • Embryo (2N)
    • Primary dermal, ground and vascular tissue
    • SAM, RAM established in the embryo
    • Cotyledons
  • Endosperm (3N)
    • Stores starch, proteins and lipids
  • Seed coat (parent 2N tissues) Sclerenchyma – hard
    cells are protection for the embryo
  • Induced dormancy
    • Dehydration or temperature
    • Required for germination
  • Next suitable season …
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11
Q

Germination

A
  • Breaking dormancy
    • Water
    • Oxygen
    • Temperature
  • Imbibition
    • Ruptures coat
  • Radicle emerges
  • Shoot emerges
    • Cotyledons above or below soil
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12
Q

Plant Development

A
  • After the embryonic stage …
    • Seed leaves
    • Radicle
  • Plants grow.
  • Meristems produce “adult” tissues
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13
Q

Vascular Plants

A
  • Organs
    • Roots
    • Shoots
    • Leaves
  • Tissues
    • Dermal tissue
    • Ground tissue
    • Vascular tissue
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14
Q

Meristems

A

Plant sustain growth at apical meristem – localized areas of cell division
and growth
- Continual increase in length
- Primary growth
- Shoot apical meristem
- Root apical meristem
- Increase in girth
- Secondary growth
- Vascular cambium
- Cork cambium

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15
Q

Roots

A
  • Typically below ground
  • Functions
    • Anchorage
    • Absorption
    • Storage
    • Transport
    • Primary root
      • Embryonic radicle
  • Lateral roots
  • Adventitious roots
  • RAMs
  • Root Systems
    • Fibrous
    • Tap
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16
Q

Root Growth

A
  • Root cap
  • Zone of division
    • Root apical meristem
    • Meristem cells
  • Zone of elongation
    • Pushes root tip
  • Zone of differentiation
    • Primary tissues
17
Q

Cell Elongation

A
  • Cell wall
  • Meristem cells
    • Small vacuoles
    • Large vacuoles
    • Solute uptake
      • Turgor pressure
    • Breaking cross bridges
      • Wall pressure
    • Elongation
  • Indeterminate growth
18
Q

Cell Differentiation

A
  • Concurrent with elongation
  • Changes
    • Morphological
    • Physiological
  • Formation of:
    • Vascular tissues
    • Ground tissues
    • Dermal tissues
19
Q

Root Structure

A
  • Dicot cross section
    • Vascular tissue
      • 1º Xylem
      • 1º Phloem
      • Pericycle
    • Ground tissue
      • Endodermis
      • Cortex
    • Dermal tissue
      • Epidermis
  • Monocot
20
Q

Lateral Root Growth

A
  • Pericycle
  • Root apical meristem
    • Zone of cell division
    • Zone of cell elogation
    • Zone of maturation
21
Q

Modified Roots

A
  • Support
    • Prop roots
    • Buttress roots
  • Aerial
  • Storage
  • Breathing
22
Q

Stems

A
  • Functions
    • Support
    • Transport
    • Photosynthesis
23
Q

Stem Growth

A
  • No cap
  • Three organs created
    • Stems
    • Leaf primordia
    • Axillary buds
  • Zone of division
    • Shoot apical meristem
    • Meristem cells
  • Zone of elogation
    • Pushes apex up
  • Zone of differentiation
    • Primary tissues
    • Primordial organs
24
Q

Stem Growth (Part 2)

A
  • Elongation of internodes
    • Terminal bud
    • Newest internode
    • Second internode
    • Mature internodes
  • Cell elongation
    • Indeterminate growth
  • More complex
25
Q

Stem Structure

A
  • Dicot cross section
    • Vascular tissue
      • 1º Xylem
      • 1º Phloem
    • Ground tissue
      • Pith
      • Cortex
    • Dermal tissue
      • Epidermis
  • Monocot
26
Q

Modified Stems

A
  • Horizontal
  • Reduced
  • Underground
  • Tubers
27
Q

Leaves

A
  • Major photosynthetic organ
  • Functions
    • Photosynthesis
    • Transpiration
    • Gas exchange
    • Reproduction
  • Trichomes
    • prevent water loss
    • deter herbivores
28
Q

Leaf Growth

A
  • Shoot apical meristem
    • Leaf primordia
  • Midrib and midvein
  • Blade
  • Determinate growth
29
Q

Leaves (part 2)

A
  • Components
    • Petiole
    • Blade
    • Stipules
    • Axillary bud
  • Simple leaves
  • Compound leaves
30
Q

Leaf Structure

A
  • Vascular tissue
    • Xylem
    • Phloem
  • Ground tissue
    • Palisade mesophyll
    • Spongy mesophyll
      • Air space
    • Sclerenchyma fibres
  • Dermal tissue
    • Epidermis
    • Guard cells
31
Q

Modified Leaves

A
  • Attachment
  • Defence
  • Storage
  • Reproduction
  • Advertizing
32
Q

Secondary Growth

A
  • Increase in girth of woody plants
  • Two other meristems
    • Vascular cambium
      • secondary xylem
        • Wood
      • secondary phloem
        • Inner bark
    • Cork cambium
      • Periderm
        • Cork
33
Q

Vascular Cambium

A
  • Initial
  • Cell division – two daughter cells
  • Cell enlargement
  • Cell differentiation
    • Secondary xylem
    • Secondary phloem
34
Q

Annular Growth

A
  • Variances in secondary xylem
  • Early (spring) wood
    • Larger vessels, tracheids
  • Late (summer) wood
    • Smaller vessels, tracheids, fibres
35
Q

Cork Cambium

A
  • Produces one tissue
  • Cork
    • Suberin
    • Prevents water loss
    • Protection
    • Epidermis isolation
  • Tasks of the epidermis
  • Periderm
36
Q

Cork Cambium (part 2)

A
  • Forms beneath epidermis
  • De-differentiation
    • Initial
  • Cell division – daughter cells
  • Cell enlargement
  • Cell differentiation
    • Cork cell
  • Multiple cork cambia

BIO 1030 (12 decks)

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