Topic 10- Hearing in the environment

Question 1

What is auditory space ?

Answer 1

Perception of where sounds are located in space

Question 2

What is auditory localization?

Answer 2

The process of locating sound sources within auditory space

Question 3

Auditory system must use information other than what’s happening in the cochlea to determine location.

What am I?

Answer 3

Location cues

Question 4

What are binaural cues?

Answer 4

Use information reaching both ears to determine azimuth of sounds

Question 5

What are two types of binaural cues?

Answer 5

• Interneural level difference (ILD)
• Interneural time difference (ITD)

Question 6

If an object is BLANK than the space between the waves, a BLANK is produced.

If an object is smaller than the space between the waves, a shadow is not produced.

Answer 6

• larger, shadow
• smaller, shadow

Question 7

What is the binaural cue ILD?

Answer 7

• Based on the difference in the in the sound pressure level between the left and right ears
• Occurs because the head acts as a barrier that creates an acoustic sound shadow, reducing the intensity of the sound that reach the far ear

Question 8

BLANK objects: create noticeable differences in sound intensity between your ears, making it easier to locate the sound source.

BLANK objects: have less impact on sound waves, making it harder to determine the sound’s location.

Answer 8

• large
• small

Question 9

What type of frequency sounds is ILD an effective cue for locating?

Answer 9

• high frequency sounds not low frequency sounds

Question 10

What is the binaural cue- Interneural time difference (ITD)?

Answer 10

The time difference between when a sound reaches the left and right ears

Question 11

ITD-
If the source is located directly in front, the arrival times are …

If a sound is located to the side, the sound will reach…

Answer 11

• the same
• one ear before the other

Question 12

When does the ITD increase? When is it useful for?

2pts

Answer 12

• Increases as the sound sources are located more and more to the side
• useful for low frequency sounds

Question 13

Locations in space in which the sound sources all have the same ITD and ILD, so their location is ambiguous

Answer 13

Cone of confusion

Question 14

What are spectral cues? What is an example?

Answer 14

• The pattern of the distribution of frequencies reaching the ear that can help with locating a sound

Ex- elevation

Question 15

The auditory system receives … from the pinna based on whether its coming from above, or below.

fill in the “…”

Answer 15

different patterns of sounds

Question 16

What is Jeffress model of auditory localization

2pts

Answer 16

• Proposes that cells in the auditory system are wired to each receive signals from the two ears
• Depending on the sounds location, these two signals will meet somewhere in the circuit and cause a neuron to fire, indication the sounds location

Question 17

• Time difference between signals reaching the two ears.
• This time difference helps determine the direction of the sound source.

The farther a BLANK is from the center, the greater the distance to the sides it represents.

What am i?

Answer 17

coincidence detectors

Question 18

What coincidence detectors indicate sounds come from the right and left?

Answer 18

• # 1/2/3/4 - indicate sound comes from the right
• # 6/7/8/9- indicate sound comes the left

Question 19

What is the first place that receives signals from both the left and right ears?

Answer 19

The superior olivary complex

Question 20

Lesioning this area causes people to have difficulties with localizing sounds.

What area is this?

Answer 20

The primary auditory cortex (A1)

Question 21

What is the precedence effect? What happens if the time interval is too long?

2pts

Answer 21

When two similar sounds reach a lister’s ear separated by a time interval of less than approx 50ms, the listener only hears a single sound

If time interval is too long = lagging sounds are perceived as echoes

Question 22

• The “sound environment”
• Includes the locations and qualities of all the different sounds that are present
• multiple sources of sound occurring all at the same time

What am I?

Answer 22

Auditory scene

Question 23

What are the five steps in an auditory scene analysis?

Answer 23

1. Location
2. Onset synchrony
3. timbre and pitch
4. Auditory continuity
5. Experience

Question 24

Sounds that stay relatively constant are perceived as coming from the same sound source

a. onset synchrony
b. auditory continuity
c. timbre and pitch

Answer 24

b. auditory continuity

Question 25

If two sounds start at different times, we are likely to perceive/organize them as different sounds.

a. onset synchrony
b. auditory continuity
c. timbre and pitch

Answer 25

a. onset synchrony