topic 10

Question 1

describe the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 1

3 layers of fascia that envelop the muscles of the lumbar spine

posterior, middle and anterior layer.

function - acts as a retinaculum for back muscles, provide attachment for anterior abdominal and limb muscles, contributes to stabilizing muscles lumbar vertebral column, contributes to the stability of the sacroiliac joint by aiding in transferring load between spine, pelvis and lower limb.

Question 2

describe the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 2

posterior to back muscles, attaches to spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae.

Question 3

describe the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 3

posterior to the quadratus lumborum, attaches to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.

Question 4

describe the anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 4

anterior to quadratus lumborum, attaches to the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.

Question 5

where do the 3 layers of the thoracolumbar fascia join

Answer 5

lateral to the iliocostalis lumborum and quadratus lumborum the 3 layers join.

Question 6

describe lumbopelvic stability

Answer 6

co-contraction of anteriorlateral abdominal wall muscles stiffens the trunk. important for trunk stability during high load tasks such as lifting.

changes in intra-abdominal pressure contraction of TrA, diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles and increases spinal stiffness.

thoracolumbar fascia-tension here (due to TrA contraction) when combined with increased intra-abdominal pressure and increases spinal stiffness.

Question 7

describe the lumbopelvic rhythm for pelvic drop and lift

Answer 7

pelvic drop - concentric produced by ipsilateral gluteus medius, contralateral EO/IO and contralateral hip adductors.

pelvic lift - contralateral gluteus medius, ipsilateral EO/IO, ipsilateral hip adductors.

Question 8

describe the lumbopelvic rhythm for pelvic anterior and posterior

Answer 8

anterior tilt - concentrically produced by erector spinae muscles and hip extensors

posterior tilt - concentrically produced by abdominal muscles and and hip extensors.

Question 9

describe the lumbopelvic rhythm for pelvic rotation to the left and right

Answer 9

Pelvic rotation to the right = left IO, right EO left hip external rotators and right hip internal rotators

rotation to the left - right IO, left EO, right hip internal rotators and right hip external rotators

Question 10

what are the muscles apart of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 10

rectus abdominus - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration.

external abdominal oblique - Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration and Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (contralateral)

internal abdominal oblique - Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration and Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (ipsilateral)

transverse abdominus - Bilateral contraction - Compresses abdominal viscera, expiration and Unilateral contraction - Trunk rotation (ipsilateral)

pyramidalis - Tenses linea alba, increasing the positive abdominal pressure

Question 11

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 11

Quadratus lumborum - bilateral contraction fixes ribs 12 during inspiration, anterior pelvic tilt
and Unilateral contraction - lateral flexion of trunk (ipsilateral).

psoas major - hip flexion, trunk flexion, hip external rotation, lateral flexion of trunk.
psoas minor - trunk flexion

Question 12

innervation of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 12

rectus abdominus - T6/T7 - L1
external oblique - T7-L12
internal oblique - T7-L1
transverse T7-L1

Question 13

muscles of the back

Answer 13

1. erector spinae group
2. transversospinalis group
3. uni-segmental group

erects the spine

Question 14

erector spinae group

Answer 14

spinalis thoracis, cervicis, capitus. - extends trunk.

longimissimus thoracis, cervices, capitus. - extends trunk, neck and head.

iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, cervices. - extends and ipsilaterally flexes trunk, and neck.

Question 15

transversospinalis group

Answer 15

deep to erector spinae

semispinalis - extends and contralaterally rotates trunk, neck and head, thoracis, cervicis and capitus.

multifidus - long fibres extend, contralaterally rotate, and ipsilaterally laterally flexes trunk and neck. functions for stability.

rotatores - often absent in cervical and lumbar regions, action - contralaterally rotates in thoracic region, function - stability.

Question 16

what are the groups of the neck muscles

Answer 16

extensors (sub-occipital and other)
flexor muscles (anterior)
lateral flexors (anterior lateral)
rotators

Question 17

muscles in the extensor group of the neck

what are their actions

Answer 17

rectus capitus posterior major - head & neck extensor, rotator of head on neck.

rectus capitus posterior minor - head & neck extensor, rotator of head and neck.

superior oblique - head & neck extensor

inferior oblique - rotator of head on neck.

bilateral = extension
unilateral = rotation

Question 18

flexor muscles of the head

and their actions

Answer 18

bilateral contraction of the:

rectus capitus anterior,
longus capitus,
sternocleidomastoid.

Question 19

flexor muscles of the neck

Answer 19

bilateral contraction longus colli, and scalenius anterior.

Question 20

lateral flexors of head, neck

Answer 20

head - contraction of the rectus capitis lateralis

neck - unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis,

neck - unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid, splenius cervicis, levator scapulae, scalenius anterior, scalenius posterior, scalenius medius.

Question 21

rotator muscles of the head, neck and head, neck

Answer 21

head - inferior oblique, rectus capitis, posterior major and minor.

head and neck - sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitus.

neck - semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, anterior scalene, splenius cervicis.

unilateral contraction

Question 22

what are the muscles in the “other extensors of the head and neck”

Answer 22

splenius capitus, splenius cervicis.

bilateral contraction of longismus capitus, spinalis capitus, transversospinales and traps.