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Biomolecules And Cells > Topic 1 Week 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four molecules of life?

A

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is the basic structure of a lipid?

A

One glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid chains, which are long chains of carbon atoms. This structure is also called a triglyceride.

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3
Q

Which of the four molecules of life is primarily used for energy storage?

A

Lipids

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4
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol?

A

A lipid

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5
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Stabilises cell membranes and forms the basis of many of the signalling molecules in our body

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane constructed from?

A

Lipids

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7
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Where a phosphate has replaced one of the fatty acid chains on a triglyceride

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

The glycerol section with a phosphate attached

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10
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

The two fatty acid chains

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane structure?

A

A bilayer, with the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipids directed towards the middle, and hydrophilic regions on the outer edges

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12
Q
A

What is one key difference between lipids, compared to proteins and carbohydrates?

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13
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

What are the four potential functions of proteins?

A

Enzymes, support structures, transport channels, hormones

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

A monosaccharide

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17
Q

What are the three functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source, structural, communication

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18
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

What is the monomer in a nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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20
Q

What is a nucelotide

A

Sugar, phosphate group and a base

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21
Q

What type of sugar does DNA contain?

A

Deoxyribose sugar

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22
Q

What type of sugar does RNA contain?

A

Ribose sugar

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23
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Thymine, guanine, adenine, cytosine

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24
Q
A
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25
What are the four bases in RNA?
Guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil
26
Where is the DNA kept?
The nucleus of the cell
27
Is the human body composed of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells
28
29
How many layers of membrane are there around the nucleus?
2
30
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)
Called rough because it is covered in ribosomes, these produce protein
31
Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)
Removal of toxins, production of lipids
32
Vesicles
33
Golgi apparatus
Membrane vesicles from the ER come in, the Golgi apparatus sorts, modifies, packages and ships "products" from the ER to other places in the cell
34
Mitochondria
Aerobic cellular respiration occurs here and generates energy for the cell in the form of ATP
35
Plant cell wall
Made of cellulose
36
Vacuole
Plant cells only, full of water
37
Chloroplast
Plant cell only, where photosynthesis occurs
38
Cytoskeleton purpose
Support for the cell, transport pathways
39
40
What are the four stages of the cell cycle?
Mitosis, G1, synthesis, G2
41
At what stage is DNA replicated?
Synthesis
42
What is chromatin?
Chromatin is a mixture of DNA and highly specialised proteins called histones that package DNA into a highly compact form
43
44
What are the two forms of chromosomes?
Double stranded or single stranded
45
What is a chromatid?
1 of the strands in a double stranded chromosome
46
What happens in mitosis?
Double stranded chromosomes split into single stranded chromosomes
47
What happens in the synthesis phase?
Single stranded chromosomes experience DNA replication and end up as double stranded chromosomes
48
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, metaphase, anaphase
49
50
What can living things do that non living things don't?
Sustain and renew themselves
51
Most organisms (8 common traits)
Are composed of a common set of elements Are made of cells Use molecules from the environment to create new biological molecules Extract energy to use Regulate their environments Contains genes Use a universal molecular code Exist in populations that evolve over time
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53
Why are the common characteristics of life important?
It is evidence that all life has a common origin
54
Why do most biologists still consider viruses to be a part of life?
Because even though they are not independent cellular forms, their existence depends on cells and it is highly probable viruses evolved from cellular life forms
55
How did life arise from non-life?
Life first arose around 4 billion years ago. It took about 600 million years after the formation of the Earth for cooling, formation of surface water, and evolution of first life forms. The critical step for life was the appearance of nucleic acids.
56
What were key stages in the evolution of early life?
1. Development of fatty acid molecules 2. Enclosure of molecules by membranes 3. An internal environment that concentrated reactants and products of a chemical reaction led to first cells with the ability to replicate themselves.
57
What are the 3 main categories of life?
Bacterial, Archaea, and Eukarya
58
How might eukaryotes have evolved from prokaryotes?
1. Infoldings of the prokaryotic cells membrane to form internal compartments that isolated cell functions from each other. 2. Close, interdependent relationships developed between prokaryotic cells, leading to a merge together
59
How did the first prokaryotes, and some modern prokaryotes today, get their energy?
Took in small molecules from their environment and broke their bonds, using the energy released from the bonds to do their own cellular work
60
61
How did Earth's atmosphere become oxygen rich?
Due to the emergence of photosynthesis, where sunlight energy is converted to chemical energy, with a by product of oxygen
62
Why did atmospheric oxygen open up new avenues of evolution?
Because aerobic metabolism (uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules) is far more efficient than anaerobic metabolism
63
Why did oxygen in the atmosphere make it possible for life to move onto land?
Oxygen resulted in the development of the ozone layer, which shielded life on land from the intense UV radiation.
64
65
Biology
The scientific study of organisms, both living and after death, with the goal of discovering and understanding the underlying unity as well as the amazing diversity of complex processes that make up life.
66
Acids
A substance that can release a photon in solution
67
Adhesion
The binding of one cell or substance to another
68
Aerobic metabolism
Occuring in the presence of oxygen, requiring or using oxygen
69
Anaerobic metabolism
Occuring without the use of molecular oxyegnt
70
Anions
A negatively charged ion
71
Atoms
The smallest unit of a chemical element
72
Bases
1. A substance that can accept a hydrogen ion in solution. 2. In nucleic acids, the purine or pyrimidine that is attached to each sugar in the sugar-phosphate backbone
73
Biomes
A major division of the ecological communities of earth, characterised primarily by distinctive vegetation and annual patterns of temperature and precipitation
74
Biosphere
All regions of earth and Earth's atmosphere in which organisms can live
75
Buffer
A substance that can transiently accept or release hydrogen ions and thereby resist changes in ph
76
77
Which six elements compose 98% of our tissue ?
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
78
Wat is hydrolysis?
an enzyme facilitated reaction where water is added to a covalent bond, splitting it
79
What is a condensation reaction?
the hydroxyl functional group of two monomers react with each other, creating a covalent bond and losing water in the process
80
What kind of molecule is starch?
a complex carbohydrate
81
What is the role of glucose?
- source of chemical energy - forms structural components of an organism
82
What is the general formula of carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n - where n is the number of carbon atoms The basic subunit is a sugar molecule (saccharide)
83
What are the three different kinds of monosacchharides?
three-carbon sugar, pentoses and hexoses
84
What type of molecule are ribose and deoxyribose?
pentose monosaccharide
85
What is a glycosidic linkage also called?
ether bond
86
What is te difference between the two DNA strands?
One goes 5 to 3 up to down, and the other goes in the other direction
87
Is RNA single stranded or double stranded?
Single stranded
88
What are the 3 types of RNA
messenger, transfer, ribosomal
89
What does messenger RNA do?

Biomolecules And Cells (1 decks)

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