Topic 1 - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
Define URBANISATION
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
55% roughly in the world live in urban areas and this is increasing
Rates differ in richer and poorer countries
Describe the pattern in urbanisation in HIC’s, NEE’s and LIC’s
HIC’s - more economically developed, 80% live in urban, low urbanisation rate - under 1%
NEE’s - economic developed rapidly increasing, 50% live in urban, mid rate of urbanisation - 2%
LIC’s - less economically developed, 30% live in urban, high rates of urbanisation- up to 6%
Explain push factors of rural-urban migration
- Natural disasters cause property costs. Rural areas cant recover as well
- agriculture creates less jobs
- desertification makes land unproductive, unstable income for farmers, dependent on harvest
Define RURAL-URBAN migration
People:
Countryside —> city
Affected by push (encourage people to leave) and pull (encourage people to move) factors
Explain pull factors of rural-urban migration
- better paid, more jobs
- better healthcare and education
- other family members may be there
- better quality of life
Describe a megacity
MEGACITY - 10 million residents +
As of 2018, 33 mega cities
What are the causes of urbanisation and population growth
NATURAL INCREASE - birth rate higher than death rate. Population growth as a result
MIGRATION - young people move to cities for jobs and have children. Life expectancy higher preventing decline of urban populations
LAGOS - the location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally
- city in Nigeria (NEE)
- population: +14 million
- growth rate of 3.2%
REGIONALLY - migrants means + cultural diversity. Important for regional trade
NATIONALLY - 80% of Nigeria’s industry. Was the capital until 1991 (Abuja became capital)
INTERNATIONALLY - main financial centre for west Africa. International airport and port - important for global trade
Explain some of the factors that caused LAGOS to grow rapidly
- British colonised, centre for trade attracting merchants
- ex-slaves returns
- gained independence in 1960, economic development as resources controlled by themselves
- construction projects financed
- recent growth by natural increase and migration
Explain social opportunities in LAGOS
- more healthcare, more better medicines
- 90% attend primary school, 20,000 schools
- +access to electricity - city uses 40% country supply, lighting and cooking is easier
- water treatment plans = safe water
Explain economic opportunities in LAGOS
- income 4x higher, better paid jobs
- rapid growth —> lots of construction jobs
- home to banks, government, and manufacturing industries
- two major ports, fishing industry
- ‘Nollywood’ film and music industry
How has the rapid growth in LAGOS lead to housing problems
SLUMS AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS:
- growth too fast, +house prices, too costly so 66% live in illegal settlements (slums)
- flimsy wooden huts built illegally, eviction caused if slums demolished to clean city
How has the rapid growth in LAGOS lead to sanitation and energy problems
WATER:
40% access to clean water, people pay inflated prices to get water form informal sellers
SANITATION:
15 households share toilets, goes to water sources, health problems caused eg cholera
ENERGY:
Not enough energy for power all at once across city, turns taken. Some people use illegal connections but these can cut out
How has the rapid growth in LAGOS lead to health and education problems
- not enough healthcare facilities, people cant afford it
- not enough schools, growing population, cant afford so children don’t go to school
How has the rapid growth in LAGOS lead to unemployment problems
- LACK IN JOBS FOR GROWING POPULATION, money made from other ways (eg scavenging rubbish dumps to sell items)
- 60% IN INFORMAL JOBS, not legally protected (eg stall sellers may be bulldozed for new development)
- HIGH LEVELS OF CRIME - many slums eg makoko patrolled by gangs who commit crimes and police the slum
