Topic 1 - Transport In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of Plasma?

A

To transport CO2, digested food, urea, and hormones, as well as spreading heat around the body.

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2
Q

What is the job of white blood cells? How do they do this?

A

To protect you against illness and disease by ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies.

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3
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To form blood clots in order to prevent or stop bleeding, as well as preventing the entry of infection causing pathogens into the blood stream.

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4
Q

What is the function of red blood cells? How do they do this?

A

To transport oxygen around the body by binding to haemoglobin.

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5
Q

What are 4 adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  1. Small and flexible -Can fit through narrow blood vessels
  2. Bio-concave shape (Flattened disc), which maximises surface area for oxygen absorption.
  3. They contain/bind to haemoglobin, a red protein that combines with oxygen]
  4. They have no nucleus (and other organelles) in order to maximise space for haemoglobin.
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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism.

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7
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell, what do they do?

A

Phagocyte - Engulfs pathogens
Lymphocyte - Produces antibodies which bind onto antigens on a pathogen.

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8
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

They bind onto the antigens (Which the lymphocyte recognises the pathogen with), and then they clump the pathogens together.

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9
Q

What do lymphocytes produce to remember a pathogen?

A

Memory cells.

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10
Q

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

A

They engulf pathogens, and then destroy them by breaking them down/ digesting them with enzymes.

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11
Q

What do phagocytes do after breaking down a pathogen?

A

It will absorb the pathogen. This process is called phagocytosis.

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12
Q

What do vaccines result in? How does this work?

A

Vaccines result in the production of memory cells. These remember the antigens on a pathogen and remember the specific type of antibody required to bind to the pathogen.

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13
Q

What will happen if someone is infected again after a vaccination?

A

Antibodies will be produced sooner, faster and in greater quantity as the memory cells will already know what antibodies to make.

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14
Q

In what direction do arteries carry blood? What type of blood do they carry, and which artery is the exception to this rule?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They always carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery (Heart to lungs, so goes away but carries de-oxygenated blood).

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15
Q

What are the structural features of an artery, why does it need these?

A
  1. Arteries have narrow lumen for blood to flow through.
  2. Arteries carry blood with a high pressure as it is oxygenated, and so have a thick layer of muscle and tissue fibre around the lumen (This allows the walls to stretch and recoil to maintain a high pressure).
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16
Q

In what direction do veins carry blood? What type of blood do they carry, and which vein is the exception to this rule?

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart. They always carry de-oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein (Lungs to heart, so goes towards but carries oxygenated blood).

17
Q

What are the structural features of a vein, why does it need these?

A
  1. Veins have thin elastic walls because they carry lower pressure blood as it is de-oxygenated.
  2. Veins have valves to stop the back flow of blood.
  3. Veins have large lumen for blood to flow.
18
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

To bring blood through organs, and very close to every cell.

19
Q

What are the structural features of a capillary?

A
  1. A one cell thick walls, allowing for quick exchange of substances between blood and cells. This allows for a shorter diffusion distance for oxygen/other substances, it also allows for red blood cells to be in close connection to the capillary wall.
20
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have (How many loops)?

A

Humans have a double circulatory system. (2 loops. Heart to organs and back - to spread oxygen. Heart to lungs and back - to get oxygen)

21
Q

What are the two loops humans have?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation (Heart (de-oxy) -> Lungs (become oxygenated) -> Heart (oxy).
  2. Systemic circulation (Heart (oxy) -> Cells (become deoxygenated) -> Heart (de-oxy)
22
Q

Why is having a double circulatory system efficient?

A

Because higher pressures can be maintained and blood can travels more quickly to organs.

23
Q
  1. What is the name of the main and largest artery in the body?
  2. What is the name of the main and largest vein in the body?
A
  1. The Aorta
  2. The Vena Cava
24
Q
  1. What is the word relating to the liver (e.g. ___ artery/vein)
  2. What is the word relating to the kidneys (e.g. ___ artery/vein)
  3. What is the word relating to the lungs (e.g. ___ artery/vein)
A
  1. Hepatic is the word relating to the liver (e.g. Hepatic artery/vein - The blood vessels that transport oxygen to/from the liver)
  2. Renal is the word relating to the kidneys (e.g. Renal artery/vein - The blood vessels that transport oxygen to/from the kidneys)
  3. Pulmonary is the word relating to lungs (e.g. Pulmonary artery/vein - The blood vessels that transport oxygen to/from the lungs)
25
Q

How is blood moved through the heart?

A

By a series of contractions and relaxations of the muscle in the walls of the 4 chambers.

26
Q

What are the 4 steps of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Veins carry blood towards the heart, and the two atria fill up simultaneously.
  2. The atria contract, and blood moves through the valves towards the ventricles.
  3. The ventricles fill up with blood and then contract to push blood through semi-lunar valves.
  4. Once all the blood have been pushed through, the ventricles relax and the semi-lunar valves close, stopping any backflow of blood.
27
Q

Why are the chambers/sides of the heart opposite/flipped on a diagram?

A

Because it is as it is in the (/your) body to the person, not as from the outside.

28
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart? where are they located on a diagram?

A
  1. Left atrium (Top right)
  2. Right atrium (Top left)
  3. Left ventricle (Bottom right)
  4. Right ventricle (Bottom left).
29
Q
  1. What is the valve in between the left atrium and left ventricle called?
  2. What is the valve in between the right atrium and right ventricle called?
A
  1. Tri-cuspid valve
  2. Bi-cuspid valve.
30
Q

What side of the heart does oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow on.

A

De-oxy - Right side on a diagram
Oxy - Left side on a diagram.

31
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have a thicker wall?

A

It carries oxygenated (higher pressure) blood and so needs a more muscular wall (similar to an artery).

32
Q

What is the fight or flight response triggered by?

A

The hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

33
Q

Why does our heart rate increase when we get scared?

A
  1. Our body needs to be prepared to run away in a scary scenario
  2. This requires muscle contraction, which need energy to be released from cells
  3. To produce this extra energy, our cells must increase the rate at which we respire
  4. To do this we need more oxygen to reach our cells
  5. By increasing our heart rate, more oxygen will be pumped around the body.
34
Q

What is a heart attack caused by?

A

The coronary arteries being blocked through the buildup of plaque. This means the blood can’t reach the heart.

35
Q

What causes the buildup of plaque?

A

Alcohol, smoking, unhealthy food, stress, lack of exercise, obesity , high cholesterol, high blood pressure and even genetics.

36
Q

What is the disease when there is a buildup of fatty deposits, which form plaques. What does this lead to?

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), can lead to reduced blood flow.

37
Q

What can happen if there is a buildup of plaque?

A

It can cause a tear in a coronary artery, and a clot will form over the tear, blocking the blood getting to the heart. This can starve the heart of oxygen, at which point a person will experience a heart attack.