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Biochem > Topic 1: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Topic 1: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

biochemistry is interested in …

A

molecules - how they function & interact with each other

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2
Q

4 major classes of biomolecules are …

A
  1. amino acids
  2. nucleotides
  3. carbohydrates
  4. lipids
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3
Q

the two biological polymers that are genetically encoded are …

A

proteins & nucleic acids

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4
Q

RNA can transmit information through …

A

generations of cells/organisms

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5
Q

biochemists investigate how organisms behave …

A

when a particular molecule is modified or absent

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6
Q

elements found in living systems are …

A 
C
N
O
H
Ca
P
K
S
Cl
Na
Mg
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7
Q

nucleotides form nucleic acids with … bonds

A

phosphodiester

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8
Q

monosaccharide residues are connected by … bonds

A

glycosidic

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9
Q

Gibbs’ free energy SI units are …

A

J/mol

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10
Q

SI units for enthalpy are …

A

J/mol

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11
Q

enzymes are responsible for …

A

greatly increasing the rate of a reaction

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12
Q

amino acid polymers form …

A

proteins

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13
Q

nucleic acids … form polymers

A

do

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14
Q

polysaccharides are polymers of …

A

monosaccharides

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15
Q

lipids … form polymers

A

don’t

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16
Q

lipids … instead of forming …

A

self-associate

polymers

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17
Q

biochemical reactions … spontaneous

A

are

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18
Q

spontaneous reactions mean there was …

A

a drop in free energy from beginning to end

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19
Q

central dogma characterizes …

A

flow of information in biological systems

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20
Q

sequence of DNA in a gene dictates …

A

sequence of mRNA strand

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21
Q

codon is recognized by …

A

anticodon

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22
Q

biochemistry offers insights into …

A

treatment of diseases

efficiency of industries

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23
Q

understanding molecular structure and reactivity helps to understand …

A

how molecules cooperate and combine to form larger functional units

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24
Q

bioinformatics is the study of …

A

information about molecular structures & functions stored and analyzed by a computer

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25
Q

3 major themes of biochemistry are …

A
  1. structure of a molecule is directly linked to its function
  2. organisms acquire, transform, store, and use energy
  3. biological information is transmitted from generation to generation
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26
Q

homeostasis is defined as …

A

steady, non-equilibrium state

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27
Q

trace elements are defined as …

A

elements that are present only in small amounds

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28
Q

nearly all molecules in living organisms contain …

A

carbon

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29
Q

nucleotides are composed of …

A

five-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing ring, at least 1 phosphate group

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30
Q

lipids are poorly soluble in … because …

A

water

most of structure is non-polar hydrocarbons

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31
Q

residues are defined as …

A

individual units of polymers

monomers after being combined into a polymer

32
Q

peptide bonds are essentially just …

A

amide bonds

33
Q

proteins are the most structurally variable and functionally versatile polymers because …

A

there are 20 different amino acids with an almost infinite amount of combinations

34
Q

main function of proteins are …

A

metabolic reactions & support cellular structures

35
Q

main function of nucleic acids are …

A

encode information

36
Q

main function of polysaccharides are …

A

store energy & support cellular structures

37
Q

first law of thermodynamics states …

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

38
Q

second law of thermodynamics states …

A

energy tends to spread out

39
Q

enthalpy is equivalent to …

A

heat content of the system

40
Q

exothermic reactions … heat

A

release

41
Q

endothermic reactions … heat

A

absorb

42
Q

entropy is defined as …

A

measure of how the energy is dispersed within that system

43
Q

SI units of entropy are …

A

J/(K*mol)

44
Q

entropy is … to temperature

A

proportional

45
Q

it is nearly impossible to measure a system’s entropy because …

A

need to count all possible ways energy can spread out

46
Q

free energy must be … for a reaction to occur

A

negative

47
Q

exergonic reactions will …

A

occur as written

48
Q

exergonic reactions have a free energy change that is …

A

<0

49
Q

endergonic reactions will …

A

not occur as written

50
Q

energonic reactions have a free energy change that is …

A

> 0

51
Q

at equilibrium the free energy change is …

A

=0

52
Q

a reaction will always occur if there is a … in enthalpy and … in entropy because …

A

decrease
increase
change in Gibbs’ free energy will always be negative

53
Q

“in vitro” means …

A

analyzed in glass

54
Q

“in vivo” means

A

analyzed in organism

55
Q

endergonic reactions may occur in vivo because …

A

coupled with exergonic reactions

56
Q

reduced means that electrons are …

A

gained

57
Q

oxidized means that electrons are …

A

lost

58
Q

removing oxygen causes a gain in electrons because …

A

oxygen is very electronegative that it “steals” electrons

59
Q

living organisms have low entropy because …

A

free energy is obtained via food and released via waste constantly

60
Q

expression of genetic information is the process …

A

in which information is used to direct the synthesis of proteins

61
Q

gene is defined as …

A

portion of DNA that can be transcribed into ANY RNA

62
Q

transcription is defined as …

A

DNA being copied into mRNA

63
Q

translation is defined as …

A

mRNA polymerizing into protein

64
Q

coding strand is the … strand

A

non-template

65
Q

non-coding strand is the … strand

A

template

66
Q

ribosome is composed of …

A

protein and rRNA

67
Q

tRNA are responsible for …

A

carrying amino acids

68
Q

rRNA are responsible for …

A

recognizing complementary base pairs in a set of 3

69
Q

genetic code is the …

A

correspondence btw amino acids and mRNA codons

70
Q

monogenic means …

A

related to a single gene

71
Q

polygenic means …

A

related to many genes

72
Q

which of the following is not one of the major classes of biological polymers?

(a) polysaccharides
(b) ribonucleic acids
(c) lipid membranes
(d) deoxyribonucleic acids
(e) polypeptides

A

(c) lipid membranes

73
Q

genetic information encoded in genes is in the form of:

(a) chromosomes
(b) ribosomes
(c) amino acid sequence
(d) nucleic acid sequence
(e) replication

A

(d) nucleic acid sequence

74
Q

RNA is made from the DNA template by the process of:

(a) transcription
(b) translation
(c) replication
(d) crossing over
(e) none of the above

A

(a) transcription

75
Q

proteins are made from an RNA template by the process of:

(a) transcription
(b) translation
(c) replication
(d) crossing over
(e) none of the above

A

(b) translation

Biochem (1 decks)

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