Topic 1- Terminology (part 1) Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts
Define Physiology
Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their function
What are the three sections of Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
Surface, regional and systemic anatomy
What is Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
is the study of structures and features that are visible to the unaided (naked) eye
What is Surface anatomy
is the study of general anatomical form, and how superficial (surface) anatomical marking relate to deeper anatomical structures
What is Regional anatomy
is the study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body e.g head, neck and trunk
What is Systemic anatomy
is the study of anatomy based upon the body’s organ system
What is Microscopic anatomy
is the study of structures that are too small to be see by the naked eye, includes the specialties histology and cytology
What is Cytology
the analysis of the internal structure of cells, the smallest unit of life. Living cells are composed of complex chemical s in various combinations, and our lives depend on the chemical processes occurring in the trillions of cells that form our body
What is Histology
examines tissues, groups of specialised cells and cell products that work together and perform specific functions. The human body has four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle and neural tissue
What are the four parts of human physiology
Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology and pathological physiology
What is cell physiology
the study of the functions of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology. Cell physiology looks at events involving the atoms and molecules important to life. Includes both chemical processes within cells and chemical interactions among cells
What is organ physiology
the study of the function of specific organs. E.g cardiac physiology, the study of heart function ( how the heart works)
What is systemic physiology
includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems. E.g respiratory and reproductive physiology
What are the characteristics of life
organisation, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction
Define organisation
refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
- Living things= highly organised.
- All organisms= one+ cells
- Cells composition -> highly specialised organelles
- Disruption of organised state-> loss of function and/or death
Define metabolism
refers to al chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Includes organisms ability to break down food molecules (source of energy) and raw materials to synthesise its own molecules.
Define responsiveness
is an organisms ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Define growth
refers to an increase in the size or # of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism. E.g muscle enlarged by exercise is composed of larger muscle cells than those of untrained muscle
Define development
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilisation and ending at death.
Define reproduction
is the formation of new cells or new organisms.
What are the levels of organisation for the human body in order
- chemical level
- cell level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organism level
Describe the chemical level
Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter. They combine to form molecules with complex shapes. The atomic components and unique three dimensional shape of a particular molecule determines its function. e.g complex protein molecules form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle cells in the heart
The cellular level
Cell are the smallest living units of life. Complex molecules can form various types of larger structures called organelles. Each organelle has a specific function in a cell. Energy- producing organelles provide the energy needed for heart muscle cell contractions
The tissue level
A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions. Heart muscle cells, also called cardiac muscle cells (cardiac->heart) interact with other types of cells and with materials outside the cell to form cardiac muscle tissue
The organ level
Organs are made up of two or more tissue working together to perform specific functions. Layers of cardiac muscle tissue, in combination with another type of tissue called connective tissue, form the bulk of the wall of the heart, which is a hollow, three-dimensional organ
The organ system level
A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function forms an organ system. Each time it contracts, the heart pushes blood into a network of blood vessels. Together, the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, one of 11 organs systems in the body. This system functions to distribute oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
The organism level
An organism, in this case, an individual human, is the highest level of organisation that we consider. All of the boys organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of an the organism
Integumentary system
Major organs: skin, hair, sweat glands and nails
Functions: protects against environmental hazards, help regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
Skeletal system
Major organs: cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Functions: provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular system
Major organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions: provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature
Lymphatic system
Major organs: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Functions: defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory system
Major organs: nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Functions: delivers air to alveoli (site where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication
Digestive system
Major organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver gallbladder, pancreas
Functions: processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
Nervous system
Major organs: brain, spinal cords, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Functions: directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Endocrine system
Major organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
Functions: directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy used by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular system
Major organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions: distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assist in control of body temperature
Urinary system
Major organs: kidneys, utters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: excretes waste products from blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentration and pH
Female reproductive system
Major organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris and mammy glands
Functions: produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse
Male reproductive system
Major organs: testes, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, penis, scrotum
Function: produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids and hormones, sexual intercourse
