TOPIC 1: Surveying Introduction Flashcards
It is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position
of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the
use of specialized equipment and techniques.
Surveying
Two general classifications of surveying
Plane surveying and Geodetic surveying
is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat surface, and where distances and areas
involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
Plane surveying
are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth. These surveys
employ principles of geodesy, are of high precision, and the related calculations involve the solving of equations derived
from advanced mathematics particularly spherical trigonometry, calculus, and some applications of theory of least squares.
Geodetic surveying
Types of surveys
Cadastral, City, Construction, Forestry, Hydrographic, Industrial, Mine, Photogrammetric, Route, Topographic
are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of
determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also made to fix the
boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial jurisdictions.
Cadastral Surveys
are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating
property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing
maps
City surveys
these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades,
reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to
engineers, architects, and builders.
Construction surveys
a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production
and conservation of forest lands.
Forestry survey
refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. These
surveys are made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
Hydrographic survey
sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly of aircraft, laying-out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries
where very accurate dimensional layouts are required
Industrial survey
are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface
mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated
volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Mine survey
a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either
from the airplanes or ground stations. Measurements are obtained from the photographs which are used in conjunction
with limited ground surveys.
Photogrammetric survey
involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial
objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission
lines, and other linear projects.
Route survey
are those surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of
natural and artificial features upon it. The features shown include such natural objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes,
relief of the ground surface, etc; and works of man, such as roads, building, ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges.
Topographic survey
What are the field survey party members?
Chief of Party, Assistant chief of party, Instrumentman, Technician, Computer, Recorder, Head Tapeman, Rear Tapeman, Flagman, Rodman, Pacer, Axeman/Lineman, Aidman, Utilitymen
the person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey
party. He is also responsible for its logistical and technical requirements, and problems of a field survey operation
Chief of Party
the person whose duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to
the survey party. He takes over the duties of the chief of party during the absence of the chief. He is primarily responsible
for the employment of surveying equipment, instruments, and accessories used in the survey operation.
Assistant Chief of Party
the person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineer’s level, theodolite, sextant, plane table and alidade, and etc. He sees to it that instruments to be used in a survey
operation are in good working condition and in proper adjustment.
Instrumentman
the person who is responsible for the use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work
operation. It is his duty to see to it that these equipments are functioning properly, are regularly calibrated, and are in
proper adjustment.
Technician
the person whose duty is to perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational
checks required in a field work operation.
Computer
the person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or
needed for a field work operation. He keeps table of schedules of all phases of work and the employment of the members
of the survey party.
Recorder
the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines
and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstructions
along the line of sight. He inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to their use in taping operations and is
responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and mistakes in taping.
Head tapeman
the person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related work.
Rear tapeman
the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman.
He helps the tapeman in making measurements and assists the axeman in cutting down branches and clearing other
obstructions to the line of sight.
Flagman
the person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
Rodman
the person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman. He assists the tapeman in seeing
to it that mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated.
Pacer
