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Dispensing 1 > Topic 1: Stability and Incompatibilities > Flashcards

Topic 1: Stability and Incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Problem which could occur as a result of interaction between two or more drugs or chemicals

A

Incompatibilities

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2
Q

Physical or chemical interaction that leads to visible recognizable change

A

Physical Incompatibilities

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3
Q

Physical Incompatibilities includes

A

Incomplete Solution
Precipitation from solution
Polymorphism
Liquefaction of Solid Ingredients
Sorption and leaching
Evaporation
Loss of water

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4
Q

Insolubility of components
Immiscibility of components

A

Incomplete Solution

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5
Q

In Precipitation from Solution, for ____, will cause therapeutic failure or toxicity

A

For oral or topical solution

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6
Q

In Precipitation from Solution, for ____, insoluble particles can lodge in capillaries and block them causing severe consequences or even death

A

For IV solutions

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7
Q

Alteration in the degree of ionization

A

pH effects

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8
Q

is freely soluble in water

A

Phenobarbital Na

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9
Q

is slightly soluble to water

A

Phenobarbital

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10
Q

Control pH at desired level

A

Handling solutions of weak electrolytes

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11
Q

In Handling solutions of weak electrolytes, for oral or topical solutions, use a ___ that will keep the free drug in a solution or prepare a suspension

A

cosolvent

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12
Q

In incomplete solution, For oral or topical product, make ____

A

suspension or emulsion

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13
Q

In Handling solutions of weak electrolytes, for ____, Check the product insert and consult references

A

parenteral products

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14
Q

In Handling solutions of weak electrolytes, for ____, be aware of the possible problems if product will be used or administered at a different temperatures

A

For oral or topical solution

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15
Q

a competitive process wherein the molecule of a substance compete for the water in solution forming precipitate

A

Salting out

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16
Q

Remedy in handling solutions sensitive to change in temperature

A

Use another solvent

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17
Q

Change in crystalline form

A

Polymorphism

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18
Q

Different polymorphs will exhibit different physical properties, such as

A

melting point and dissolution rates = affects bioavailability

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19
Q

example of polymorphism

A

cocoa butter

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20
Q

cocoa butter melting point

A

not greater than 34ᵒC

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21
Q

Liquefaction of Solid Ingredients examples

A

Efflorescent powders
Hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs

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22
Q

Efflorescent powders examples

A

morphine acetate
ferrous sulfate
codeine
caffeine atropine sulfate

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23
Q

Hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs examples

A

Ephedrine sulfate
potassium citrate
Phenobarbital Na
Sodium iodide

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24
Q

molecules are concentrating at the interface

A

Adsorption

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25
Q

The molecules being absorbed are penetrating into the capillary spaces of the absorbing surface

A

Absorption

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26
Q

sorption commonly occurs in __ due to plasticizer

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers

27
Q

Drugs that are poor water-soluble or lipophilic that have greater tendency to sorb to PVC to dissolve in its plasticizer

A

Lorazepam
diazepam
nitroglycerin
nicardipine
ISDN

28
Q

container substitutes to prevent leaching

A

glass
polyvinyl
polyethylene
polyurethane

29
Q

vaporization aka

A

volatilization

30
Q

liberation of the active ingredients

A

vaporization

31
Q

Common in liquid dosage forms

A

Loss of Water

32
Q

phase inversions in O/W emulsions

A

Emulsions

33
Q

↑ potency

A

Suspensions and solutions

34
Q
A
35
Q

Occurs as a result of chemical interaction among the ingredients of a given prescription.

A

Chemical Incompatibility

36
Q

Visible change in the reaction is not necessarily observed but can be determined by

A

analytical method

37
Q

Chemical Incompatibility includes

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Evolution of Gas
Complexation
Racemization
Epimerization

38
Q

Occurs when one drug losses electron to the other

A

Oxidation

39
Q

Triggered by light, heavy metals, oxygen, oxidizing agents

A

Oxidation

40
Q

Drugs susceptible to oxidation includes:

A

Catecholamine e.g. epinephrine
Phenolics e.g phenylephrine, morphine
Phenothiazines, chlorpromazine
Thiols e.g captopril
Others: Amphotericin B, tetracycline, furosemide, etc.

41
Q

Most common type of incompatibility and drug degradation

A

Hydrolysis

42
Q

Triggered by presence of water, acids, bases, catalyst e.g. dextrose

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

example of hydrolysis

A

dextrose

44
Q

Drugs susceptible to hydrolysis

A

Amides especially with lactam rings – penicillins and cephalosporins
Esters – procaine, tetracaine, aspirin, belladonna

45
Q

In hydrolysis, for ___, control exposure to moisture by using light containers and desiccants

A

for solids

46
Q

Commonly caused by NaHCO3 and carbonate buffers = effervescence

A

Evolution of Gas

47
Q

example of Evolution of Gas

A

Alka seltzer

47
Q

Desired use in some powders and tablets

A

Evolution of Gas

48
Q

Forming inactive complex

A

Complexation

49
Q

example of Complexation

A

tetracycline with multivalent ions

50
Q

The conversion of one enantiomer to a racemate

A

Racemization

51
Q

the I-enantiomer is approximately 15-20x more active than d-enantiomer

A

Epinephrine

52
Q

Other drugs involve in racemization

A

esomeprazole
bupivacaine
omeprazole
levalbuterol
albuterol

53
Q

Formation the pair of diasteriomers that differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom

A

Epimerization

54
Q

one carbon atom

A

epimers

55
Q

undergoes reversible epimerization to epitetracycline (of little antibacterial activity) in a solution

A

Tetracycline

56
Q

example of epimerization

A

tetracycline

57
Q

A problem that occurs when two or more drugs are administered to a patient

A

Therapeutic Incompatibilities

58
Q

Therapeutic Incompatibilities aka

A

drug interaction

59
Q

one drug alters the effect of another drug

A

drug interaction

60
Q

therapeutic incompatibilities

A

Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic

61
Q

Undesirable pharmacological interactions between two or more ingredients that lead to:

A

Additive or potentiated therapeutic effects
Antagonistic or destruction of the effect

62
Q

may cause toxicity or death

A

Additive or potentiated therapeutic effects

63
Q

sub-therapeutic or lack of effect

A

Antagonistic or destruction of the effect

Dispensing 1 (1 decks)

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