Topic 1 Respiration Flashcards
What is active transport
Moving ions and molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient
Secretion
Large molecules produced in some cells are exported by exocytosis
What is endocytosis
Bulk movement of large molecules and particles into cells
What is biosynthesis
Anabolic reactions producing large molecules eg proteins from amino acids
What is the replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles
These are the events during the cell cycle
What are the contraction of myofibrils
These are the movement of actin filaments over myosin filaments
What is the activation if molecules
The glucose is phosphorylated at the beginning of respiration
What is the structure of ATP
It is composed of adenine attached to a ribose molecule which is attached to a linear sequence of three phosphate groups
What is ATP recycling
This is when energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and inorganic phosphate by the enzyme ATPase. When ATP is required it is recycled from ADP and Pi by the transfer of energy from respiratory substrates.
During respiration ATP is produced in two processes what are they
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What is substrate level phosphorylation
This is when ATP is produced by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from phosphorylated substance to ADP
What is oxidative phosphorylation
This is when ATP is produced from ADP and Pi as electrons are transferred along a series of carriers
What are the 2 different forms of respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
What is anaerobic respiration
This does not require oxygen and can use glucose only. This is incompletely broken down and so only a little ATP is produced.
What is aerobic respiration
This requires oxygen and uses a variety of respiratory substrates that are completely broken down, producing a great deal of ATP
What are the 4 stages of Aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm
- Link reaction (pyruvate oxidation), which occurs in mitochondrial matrix.
- Krebs Cycle, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
- Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, which occur across the inter membrane of the mitochondrion
What is Glycolisis
It is the splitting of glucose in a metabolic pathway that has four major steps. Glycolysis requires glucose, ATP, ADP, Pi and NAD ( a coenzyme which picks up hydrogen). It produces reduced NAD (NADH) and ATP.
What is Glycolisis
It is the splitting of glucose in a metabolic pathway that has four major steps. Glycolysis requires glucose, ATP, ADP, Pi and NAD ( a coenzyme which picks up hydrogen). It produces reduced NAD (NADH) and ATP.
What is the summary of Glycolysis
Glucose is activated by being phosphorylated
A bi-phosphorylated hexose sugar is split into two phosphorylated triode sugars
Triose phosphate is oxidised by NAD and a phosphate added
ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the Link reaction
This is the oxidation of pyruvate and is known as this because it links with the Kreb Cycle. The link reaction involves the removal of hydrogen and carbon dioxide forming an acetyl group.
How does the coenzyme work in the link reaction
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the mitochondrion and out if the cell. The hydrogen that is removed is picked up by NAD, producing NADH. The two carbon acetyl group is carried by coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A.
How does the coenzyme NAD work
NAD carries hydrogen, as NADH, to be used in the electron transport chain
How does Coenzyme A work
It carries the acetyl group, as acetyl coenzyme A, to be used in the Krebs cycle
What is a summary of the Kreb Cycle
There are two steps that involve removal of carbon dioxide molecules, which diffuse out of the mitochondrion and cell
One step is a substrate- level phosphorylation producing an ATP molecule
Four steps involve dehydrogenations, ie hydrogen is removed from the substrate
