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Prokaryotic cells - Topic 2.2 - Biology > Topic 1 - Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what does hypertonic mean

A

when the solute concentration is higher than the concentration inside the cell

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2
Q

what are the 3 functions of the cell wall in bacteria

A
  • prevents the cell swelling and bursting
  • maintains the shape of the bacterium
  • gives support and protection
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3
Q

what are bacteria cell walls made up of

A

peptidoglycan

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4
Q

what is peptidoglycan made up of

A

many parallel polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross-linkages

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5
Q

what are the 2 functions of a capsid in bacteria

A
  • protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by white blood cells
  • covers the cell markers on the cell membrane that identify the cell
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6
Q

why does a capsid make it easier for a bacterium to be pathogenic

A

because it is not so easily identified by the immune system

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7
Q

what are pili

A

thread-like projections from their surface

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8
Q

give 2 examples of bacteria that have pili

A

E.Coli and Salmonella

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9
Q

give 2 examples of bacteria that have a capsid

A

Pneumonia and Tuberculosis (TB)

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10
Q

what is the function of flagella in bacteria

A

move the bacterium by rapid rotations

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11
Q

What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella made up of

A
  • prokaryotic flagella is made of flagellin protein
  • eukaryotic flagella is made up of tubulin protein
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12
Q

where does respiration take place and why

A

bacteria have no mitochondria, so the cell membrane is also the site of respiratory enzymes

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13
Q

what are mesosomes

A

infoldings of the inner cell membrane in bacteria

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14
Q

what are plasmids

A

circles of DNA

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15
Q

what is the function of plasmids

A

codes for a specific aspect of the bacterial phenotype

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16
Q

how do plasmids reproduce

A

plasmids can reproduce themselves independently

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17
Q

how are plasmids transferred

A

can be transferred from one bacteria from another in a form of sexual reproduction using pili

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18
Q

what is a nucleoid

A

the area in the bacteria cell where the DNA is found

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19
Q

what form does the genetic material in bacteria have

A

consists of a single length of DNA, often circular, which is not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus. The DNA is folded and coiled

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20
Q

which type of ribosome do bacteria have

A

70S ribosomes

21
Q

what are the subunits of 70S ribosomes

A

50S larger subunit, and 30S smaller subunit

22
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

the synthesis of proteins

23
Q

what is gram staining

A

a differential staining technique to distinguish between 2 types of bacteria with different structures of their cell walls

24
Q

who developed the gram staining technique

A

Christian Gram

25
Q

describe the structure of gram-positive bacteria

A

have a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing teichoic acid

26
Q

how are gram-positive bacteria identified

A

the crystal violet/iodine complex in the Gram stain is trapped in the peptidoglycan layer, and resists decolouring when the bacteria are dehydrated using alcohol. So, it does not pick up the red safranin counterstain

27
Q

which colour do Gram-positive bacteria have

A

purple/blue colour

28
Q

give 1 example of Gram-positive bacteria

A

Micrococcus

29
Q

describe the structure of gram-negative bacteria

A

have a thin layer of peptidoglycan with no teichoic acid between two layers of membrane

30
Q

what is the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria made up of

A

lipopolysaccharides

31
Q

how are Gram-negative bacteria identified

A

after the crystal violet/iodine complex is applied, the bacteria are dehydrated with ethanol. The outer membrane dissolves in the ethanol, leaving the thin peptidoglycan cell wall exposed. The crystal violet/iodine complex is washed out, and the peptidoglycan takes up the red safranin counterstain

32
Q

which colour do Gram-negative bacteria have

A

red

33
Q

give 1 example of Gram-negative bacteria

A

Salmonella

34
Q

which structures do antibiotics usually affect in the bacterial pathogens

A

cell walls, cell membranes, genetic material, enzymes, ribosomes

35
Q

why are beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Gram-positive bacteria

A

inhibit the formation of the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria

36
Q

why are beta-lactam antibiotics not effective against Gram-positive bacteria

A

their peptidoglycan layer is hidden and less vital to the wall structure

37
Q

give 1 example of beta-lactam bacteria

A

penicillin

38
Q

why are glycopeptide antibiotics effective against Gram-positive bacteria

A

they are very large polar molecules that penetrate the peptidoglycan layer by preventing its cell wall growth

39
Q

why are glycopeptide antibiotics not effective against Gram-negative bacteria

A

they cannot penetrate the outer membrane layer

40
Q

give 1 example of glycopeptide antibiotics

A

vancomycin

41
Q

why are polypeptide antibiotics effective against Gram-negative bacteria

A

they interact with the phospholipids of the outer membrane

42
Q

why are polypeptide antibiotics not effective against Gram-positive bacteria

A

because the phospholipids of the inner membrane are not exposed

43
Q

what shape do cocci bacteria have

A

spherical

44
Q

what shape do bacilli bacteria have

A

rod-shaped

45
Q

what shape do spirilla bacteria have

A

twisted

46
Q

what shape do vibrios bacteria have

A

comma-shaped

47
Q

what does obligate aerobes mean

A

need oxygen

48
Q

what does facultative anaerobes mean

A

use oxygen if it is available

49
Q

what does obligate anaerobes mean

A

can only respire in the absence of oxygen

Prokaryotic cells - Topic 2.2 - Biology (3 decks)

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