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GCSE Edexcel Physics > TOPIC 1- Motion, Forces and Conservation of Energy > Flashcards

TOPIC 1- Motion, Forces and Conservation of Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

VECTOR

A

A quantity with a magnitude and a direction. Can be given as a bearing.
Eg: force, acceleration, velocity, displacement, weight, momentum

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2
Q

Scalar

A

A quantity with a magnitude but no direction.

Eg: speed, distance, mass energy, temp

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3
Q

Difference between velocity and speed

A

Velocity is a vector while speed is a scalar. This is because while velocity has a magnitude and direction, speed is simply a magnitude. For example, 2 objects could be travelling at the same speed but at different velocities.

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4
Q

Velocity

A

Speed in a stated direction

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5
Q

Average Speed equation

A

Distance travelled/time

M and s

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6
Q 
Typical speed of walking
Running
Cycling
Cars on a motorway
Aeroplane
A 
1.5m/s
3m/s
6m/s
30m/s
250m/s
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7
Q

What’s centripetal force?

A

When an object is travelling at a constant speed but is constantly changing direction (velocity), a force acts inwards on the object.

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8
Q

Speed of sound in air

A

340m/s

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9
Q

Acceleration equation

A

V-u/ t

Change in velocity/ time

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10
Q

Deceleration

A

Negative acceleration

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11
Q

Acceleration of gravity in free fall

A

10m/s^2

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12
Q

What’s acceleration measured in?

A

M/s^2

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13
Q

Uniform acceleration and its equation

A 
Constant acceleration
V squared - u squared = 2 * a * x
X = distance
A= acceleration
V = final velocity
U = initial velocity
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14
Q

How do you find the speed of an object in distance time graphs?

A

Gradient

Change in y/change in x

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15
Q

What do curves show on distance time graphs?

A

Acceleration

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16
Q

What do you do if the graph is curved?

A

Draw a tangent and find the gradient of the tangent

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17
Q

How do you find the acceleration on velocity time graphs?

A

Gradient

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18
Q

What does a curve represent on a velocity time graph?

A

Change in acceleration

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19
Q

How to find distance travelled on a velocity time graph

A

Area underneath the graph

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20
Q

What can you use to measure the speed of objects?

A

Use a stopwatch (human error) over a set distance.
Use a light gate.
Video it
Data logger

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21
Q

Distance

A

How far a quantity has moved.

SCALAR

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22
Q

Displacement

A

Distance and direction in a straight line from an object’s starting point to its finishing point.

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23
Q

Speed

A

How fast you are going

SCALAR

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24
Q

Distance travelled=

A

(Average) speed * time

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25
Q

Acceleration definition

A

Change in velocity over a period of time

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26
Q

Uniform acceleration

A

Constant acceleration

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27
Q

Newton’s first law

A

If the resultant force on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain stationary. If the resultant force on a moving object is zero, it will just carry on moving at the same velocity.

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28
Q

5 forms of acceleration

A 
Starting
Stopping
Slowing
Speeding up
Changing direction
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29
Q

Relationship between force and acceleration

A

Directly proportional

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30
Q

Acceleration and object mass relationship

A

Inversely proportional

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31
Q

Formula for Newton’s second law

A

F = m*a

Force = mass * acceleration

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32
Q

Why are large decelerations dangerous?

A

Because they require a large force (f=ma), this can be lowered by slowing down the object over a longer time.

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33
Q

Purpose of safety features in vehicles

A

To increase collision times and so reduce force which reduces risk of injury. (Eg seatbelts/airbags/crumple zones)

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34
Q

Weight

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity. Caused by gravitational field around earth.

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35
Q

Where does weight exert force on an object?

A

Its center of mass

Point at which assume whole mass is concentrated

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36
Q

How to measure weight?

A

Spring balance or Newton meter

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37
Q

Weight =

A

Mass * gravitation field strength

W = mg

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38
Q

How to investigate motion of trolley on ramp

A

Measure trolley mass, unit masses, hanging hook, card length.
Mark line on ramp before first light gate (so travels same distance every time)
Attach trolley to hanging mass w string. Let go so it rolls down slope.
Changing ramp height and recording : initial speed, final speed and time between 2 light gates.

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39
Q

What are light gates used for?

A

Short intervals to rid of human error by reaction times

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40
Q

What can you use to measure distance and time?

A

Rolling tape measure
Stop watch
Video camera

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41
Q

Inertial mass

A

The ratio of force over acceleration.

Tendency for motion to remain unchanged.

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42
Q

Newton’s third law

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.

43
Q

Action force

A

The initial force exerted on an object

44
Q

Normal contact force

A

The opposite and equal force caused by the action force exerted on the object.

45
Q

Characteristics of forces in equilibrium

A

Pairs of forces acting on the same object. (Not Newton’s law).

Eg book is pulled down by weight due to gravity and book pulls back up on earth. Normal contact force from table pushes book up while normal contact force of book pushing down on table.

46
Q

Momentum=

A

Mass*velocity

P=mv

47
Q

What’s momentum measured in?

A

Kg m/s

48
Q

What type of force is momentum?

A

Vector (has size and direction).

49
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system, total momentum before and event is the same as after an event

50
Q

What effect do resultant forces have on an object?

A

Causes them to accelerate

51
Q

Newton’s 3rd law

A

When a resultant force acts on an object for a certain period of time, it causes a change in momentum.

52
Q

Stopping distance

A

The distance covered between the driver first spotting a hazard and the vehicle coming to a complete stop. Is made up of thinking and braking distance.

53
Q

Thinking distance

A

Distance car travels in the driver’s reaction time (time between noticing hazard and applying brakes).

54
Q

What’s thinking distance affected by?

A 
Reaction time (affected by alcohol, tiredness, drugs, distractions)
Speed
55
Q

Braking distance

A

The distance taken to stop once the brakes have been applied

56
Q

What’s braking distance affected by?

A

Speed
Car mass
Brakes conditions (worn/faulty)
Friction between tyres and road (dirt, ice, wet, bald tyres)

57
Q

Minimum tread depth of tyres

A

1.6m

58
Q

How do you measure reaction time?

A

Computer based test
Ruler drop test: hang ruler between thumb and forefinger lined up w zero, drop ruler unexpectedly, measurement where you catch demonstrates reaction time, calculate how long ruler was falling for, make average of repeats.

59
Q

Normal reaction time

A

0.2-0.6s

Not normal alert driver

60
Q

Energy in car’s kinetic energy store =

A

Word done by brakes

1/2 * m* vsquared = f*d

61
Q

8 types of energy stores

A 
Kinetic
Thermal
Chemical
Gravitational potential
Elastic potential
Electrostatic
Magnetic
Nuclear
62
Q

Kinetic energy =

A

0.5massvelocity squared

63
Q

Change in gravitational potential energy=

A

Massgravitational fs change in vertical height

64
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy can be stored, transferred between stores, dissipated but can never be created or destroyed.
Total energy of a closed system has no net change.

65
Q

Closed system

A

A system that can be treated completely on its own and has no net change in the system’s total energy.

66
Q

4 methods of transfer

A

Mechanical
Electrical
Heating
Radiation

67
Q

Mechanical transfer

A

A force acting on an object

68
Q

Electrical transfer

A

A charge doing work

69
Q

Heating transfer

A

Energy transferred from a hotter to a colder object

70
Q

Radiation transfer

A

Energy transferred by waves

71
Q

Total energy input=

A

Useful energy output + wasted energy

72
Q

Efficiency =

A

Useful energy transferred by device/ total energy supplied

73
Q

Diagram used to show efficiency

A

Sankey diagram

74
Q

How do you increase efficiency of a device

A

Lubrication

Thermal insulation

75
Q

How does lubrication increase efficiency

A

Reduce friction between object’s surfaces when move (usually liquids that flow easily between objects to coat them).

Friction transfers energy mechanically to thermal energy stores, dissipated as heat to surroundings.

76
Q

How does insulation increase efficiency?

A

Reduces rate of energy transfer by heating.

Lowering thermal conductivity of objects lowers energy transfer through them.

77
Q

No renewable energy resources examples

A 
Fossil fuels 
Nuclear fuel (uranium and plutonium)
78
Q

Advantages of fossil fuels

A

Reliable
Low cost of extraction
Low cost of factories

79
Q

Disadvantages of fossil fuels

A

Slowly running out

Create environmental problems (global warming, acid rain, destruction of animals and their habitats)

80
Q

Advantages of nuclear fuel

A

Reliable

Clean

81
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear fuel

A

Expensive to build and safely decommission
Nuclear waste is v dangerous and hard to dispose of
Risk of major catastrophe

82
Q

Renewable energy resources examples

A 
Bio-fuels
Wind
Solar
Hydroelectricity 
Tidal
83
Q

Advantages of renewable energy resources

A

Renewable

Are less damaging to environment

84
Q

Disadvantages of renewable energy resources

A

Unreliable
Don’t provide as much energy
Can still do damage to environment

85
Q

Bio-fuels

A

Renewable energy resources created from either plant products or animal dung, can be burnt to produce electricity/run cars. SUPPOSEDLY are carbon neutral. V expensive to refine. Forests cleared for bio-fuels result in many species losing natural habitats. Decay increases methane/CO2 emissions.

86
Q

Wind power

A

Each turbine has a generator inside which is turned by blades from wind to produce electricity. No pollution. High initial costs w minimal running costs. Produce little energy in comparison to fossil fuels. Can ruin view and be noisy. Unreliable as only work when is windy.

87
Q

Solar cells

A

Made from materials that use energy transferred by light to create an electric current. Often used in remote places (can be used for road signs / satellites). No pollution but use much energy to make. Initial costs are high but have no running costs. Smaller scale energy generation. Unreliable as can’t be used at night and are less useful in cloudy countries.

88
Q

Hydro-electricity

A

Flooding a valley by building a dam. Rainwater is caught and allowed through turbines (no pollution). Loss of habitat for some species. Can respond immediately to increased energy demand. High initial costs w lower running costs. V reliable.

89
Q

Tidal barrages

A

Big dams built across river estuaries w turbines in. As tide comes in, fills up estuary, water then let out at controlled speed to produce electricity. No pollution but affect boat access, spoil view, alter wildlife habitats. Reliable but tide heights vary, barrages don’t work if level is same either side. Moderate initial costs, no fuel costs and minimal costs.

90
Q

Fossil fuels trend

A

Over 20th century, UK’s electricity use has hugely increased as did population. Since beginning of 21st century, decreasing slowly as appliances become more efficient and we are more aware of reduction in electricity used. Most generated via fossil fuels & nuclear power. Renewable is now also being used. Fossil fuels also used in heating and car fuels. Biofuels can also fuel cars and solar heaters can heat homes. Renewable sources are being encouraged.

91
Q

Why is there a push for renewable energy?

A

As we now know its effects on the environment.
Pressure from public/other countries has led to government putting pressure on energy providers to use more renewable or face business loss.
Car companies using renewable sources and electric cars are becoming more and more popular.

92
Q

Why is the use of renewables limited?

A

Building new renewable power plants cost money and are less cost-effective.
Arguments over where renewable plants are built.
Are unreliable
Research into reliability and cost take time and money.
Is expensive to make personal changes.

93
Q

Minimum number of forces needed to cause a stretch/compression

A

2

94
Q

Elastical distortion

A

Force changing object’s shape before reforming back to original shape/length.

95
Q

Inelastical distortion

A

When a force is applied to an inelastic object which doesn’t reform to its previous shape.

96
Q

Elastic limit

A

Point at which object stops distorting elastically and begins to distort inelastically.

97
Q

Where is energy from work done transferred to in an elastic object?

A

Elastical potential energy store of object.

98
Q

Hooke’s law

A

Extension of an elastic object is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the load/force applied.

99
Q

Force applied to elastic object formula

A

K * x

Spring constant * extension

100
Q

What is the extension in that of a compressed object?

A

Difference between natural and compressed lengths.

101
Q

How do you investigate elasticity?

A

Measure natural length of a spring (w no load applied) *can add markers to spring if necessary.
Add mass to spring and allow to rest before measuring extension.
Repeat

102
Q

What does elastic distortion display on a graph?

A

A linear relationship (before limit of proportionality)

103
Q

Energy stored in a spring formulas

A 
E = 1/2kxsquared
E = 1/2 f * x

GCSE Edexcel Physics (10 decks)

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