Topic 1; motiavation

Question 1

Basic concepts of motivation

Answer 1

1) Physiological need
2) Drive; refers to the intensity of motivated behaviour
3) Goal/goal-directed activity ; approah or avoids with a particular pattern of behaviour
4) Satiation

Question 2

Experimental study of motivation requires;

Answer 2

a) measurement of drive or the intensity of motivated behaviour
b) analysis and measurement of goals, their effectiveness and their modifiability through learning
c) specification of the conditions under which satiation will occur

Question 3

what is motivation?

Answer 3

a condition that energizes behaviour and gives it direction

Question 4

what is drive theories?

Answer 4

emphasize the role of internal factor in motivation

Question 5

incentive theories definition

Answer 5

emphasize the motivational role of external events or objects of desire. e.g. food, esteem, money. Incentives are the objects of motivation

Question 6

primary reinforces

Answer 6

they are able to act as reward independently of prior learning

Question 7

secondary reinforces

Answer 7

they have gained their status as reward at least partly through learning about their relationship to other events. Learning is crucial to the formation of secondary reinforces.

Question 8

what is a great deal of basic motivation directed toward?

Answer 8

helping to maintain our internal balance

Question 9

what does motivation and emotion also influence?

Answer 9

our thoughts, our feelings and our dreams and aspirations

Question 10

what allows people to become complex adaptive systems?

Answer 10

changes in hunger, stress, and mastery motivation

Question 11

what do motivation and emotions allow people to do?

Answer 11

provides tremendous resources that allow people to adapt to these environmental changes

Question 12

what are the four processes that give behaviour strength and purpose?

Answer 12

needs, cognitions, emotions, and external events

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

a constant internal state

Question 14

set point

Answer 14

the value that the homeostatic system tries to maintain

Question 15

extracellular thirst

Answer 15

results when our bodies lose water because we have gone without drinking or have exercised intensively

Question 16

intracellular thirst

Answer 16

caused by osmosis. water moving from zones where its plentiful to zones where it is relatively rare

Question 17

incentive salience

Answer 17

meaning that these objects and events have become linked with anticipated affect, which grabs our attention and steers our seeking behaviour

Question 18

wanting

Answer 18

appears to have evolved as a way for the brain to guide action in the future by keeping track of the good or bad consequences of past actions

Question 19

three major factors operate together to make psychoactive drugs more addictive;

Answer 19

1) ability to overactivate incentive systems in the brain
2) ability to produce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
3) may produce permanent changes in brain incentive systems that cause cravings

Question 20

tolerance

Answer 20

the need for a greater amount of drug to achieve the same euphoria.

Question 21

withdrawal

Answer 21

an intensely aversive reaction to the cessation of drug abuse

Question 22

neural sensitization

Answer 22

these dopamine neurons will be activated more highly by drugs and drug-related stimuli