Topic 1- Lifestyle, Health and Risk Flashcards
What is the difference between a single and double circulatory system?
The double goes through the heart twice. To the lungs, back to the heart, to the body, back to the heart, to the lungs…
Name an animal with a single circulatory system
A Fish
Name an animal that has a double circulatory system
A Human
what brings de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
the Vena Cava
what takes oxygenated blood out of the heart
the Aorta
what is between the atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid)
show the pathway of blood through the heart
VC - RA - AV - RV - PA - L - PV - LA - AV - LV - A - Body
what gives the heart energy
diffusion of minerals from the blood in the coronary arteries.
What is the hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
What is Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis- Atherosclerosis is a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which an artery-wall thickens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells and proliferation of intimal-smooth-muscle cell creating a fibrofatty plaque.
What is diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Characteristics of veins
Veins
- Valves- pocket valves to prevent backflow
- Venous wall is thinner due to less muscles and fewer collagen fibres and elastic fibres
- Wider lumen
- Lower pressure
- Less elastic recoil
Characteristics of arteries
Arteries
- No valves
- Wider walls due to more muscle, collagen fibres and elastic fibers
- Narrower lumen
- Higher pressure
- More elastic recoil
Characteristics of Capillaries
Capillaries
- one cell thick
- 5 to 20 micrometers in diameter
- thin walls allow for easier and more efficient diffusion
Why do veins have valves
to prevent back flow from lower pressure de-oxygenated blood.
Why does the Aorta have a valve
This prevents back flow as the heart relaxes in cardiac diastole after ventricular systole.
What are the three main stages of the Cardiac Cycle.
Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole and Cardiac Diastole.
Why is water dipolar
The covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen results in the water having a slight charge. This means that there are inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.
why is di polarity in water important.
It allows the water to be a good solvent. It also means oils won’t.
What is Mass Transport
movement of specialized tissues around the body
Characteristics of water
Properties of water-
Has an attraction to most chemicals and itself ( cohesion and adhesion)
Dissolves chemicals easily. (universal solvent)
Creates hydration shells around charged ions (e.g. na and cl)
High specific heat capacity.
First stage of Atherosclerosis
the endothelium becomes damaged due to too high a blood pressure or can get damaged by toxins in cigarette smoke for example.
Second stage of Atherosclerosis
after breached the body calls for an inflammatory response. White blood cells leave the blood vessel and move into the artery wall. These cells accumulate chemicals from the blood particularly cholesterol. A deposit builds up called an Atheroma
Third stage of Atherosclerosis
Calcium salts and fibrous tissue also build up on the site and this results in heard swelling called plaque on the inner wall of the artery. The build up of fibrous tissue results in the artery losing its elasticity.
Final Stage of Atherosclerosis
The plaque causes the artery to get narrower meaning it’s harder to pump blood through them. This causes blood pressure to increase and leads to a dangerous positive feedback building up. Raised blood pressure means plaque is more likely to form and this causes further increase in pressure meaning more will form and so on.
What does Systolic mean
Contraction of the heart
what does Diastolic mean
Relaxing of the heart
What is Atrial systole.
Blood flows from the atrium to ventricles after the atrium contract. the blood goes through the atrioventricular valves ( Bicuspid and Tricuspid )
What is Ventricular Systole
The ventricles contract from the base upwards. This increases the pressure and then the blood flows through the semi lunar valves.
What is Cardiac Diastole.
This is the relaxing of the heart. The Atria and ventricles relax and the blood from the arteries is drawn back towards the heart. The semi lunar valves and atrioventricular valves close. The closing of the valves make the sounds of the heart
what makes the ‘lub’ sound
the closing of the atrioventricular valves
what makes the ‘dub’ sound
the closing of the semi lunar valves.
What are the 7 main risk factors in causing CHD
Inactivity Smoking Diet Age Gender Genetics High Blood Pressure
How does smoking affect the blood pressure.
- Nicotine increases adrenaline which increases heart rate . This constricts arteries and causes a rise in Blood pressure.
- Haemoglobin carries carbon monoxide instead of oxygen. This makes the body increase the blood pressure to get oxygen around the body as there is less oxygen then normal.
- Chemicals and toxins can damage the endothelial tissue and this triggers atherosclerosis
