Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health And Risk

Question 0

Name the features of Arteries

Answer 0

• Narrow Lumen
• Thicker Walls
• More collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
• No valves

Question 1

If a substance loves water then it is…?

Answer 1

Hydrophilic

Question 2

Name some features of veins.

Answer 2

• Wide lumen
• Thinner walls
• Less collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle
• Valves

Question 3

Capillaries are how many cells thick?

Answer 3

1

Question 4

What is systole?

Answer 4

Contraction of the heart

Question 5

What is diastole?

Answer 5

Relaxation of the heart

Question 6

What is the job of valves?

Answer 6

To prevent back flow

Question 7

What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 7

Atrial systole

Question 8

What happens during atrial systole?

Answer 8

Blood under low pressure flows into the left and right atria.
As the atria fills the atrioventricular valves open.
Blood starts to leak into the ventricles

Question 9

What is the second phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 9

Ventricular systole

Question 10

What happens during ventricular systole?

Answer 10

Ventricles contract which increases the pressure
This pushes blood up through the arteries
The av valves close preventing backflow

Question 11

What is the last stage of the cardiac cycle

Answer 11

Diastole

Question 12

What happens during diastole?

Answer 12

Elastic recoil lowers the pressure
Blood under high pressure is drawn back towards the ventricles
This closes the semi- lunar valves
The coronary arteries fill

Question 13

Name the chemical changes in the blood clotting process

Answer 13

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin.

Fibrinogen changes into long insoluble strands or the protein fibrin.

Question 14

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 14

Atherosclerosis is the disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and strokes.

Question 15

Name what happens during atherosclerosis

Answer 15

The endothelium becomes damaged.
The inner lining is breached.
White blood cells move into the artery wall.
Cells accumulate chemicals particularly cholesterol.
A deposit builds up called atheroma.
Calcium salts and fibrous tissues build up resulting in a hard swelling called plaque.
Plaque causes the artery to become narrow.
Dangerous positive feedback builds up.

Question 16

Why do only arteries get atherosclerosis?

Answer 16

The fast flowing blood is under high pressure so there is high chance of damage to the walls.

Question 17

What happens during the blood clotting process?

Answer 17

Platelets become sticky
Temporary platelet plug forms
Activation of more platelets
Cascade of chemical changes
Prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into long insoluble strands of fibrin
Forms a tangled mesh
Traps blood cells from a clot

Question 18

What are the two concequences of atherosclerosis?

Answer 18

Coronary heart disease and a stroke

Question 19

Define the word risk.

Answer 19

Risk is the probability or occurrence of an unwanted event or outcome.

Question 20

Name reasons why someone would overestimate risk?

Answer 20

Involuntary
Not natural
Unfamiliar
Dreaded 
Unfair
Very small

Question 21

What are the factors that contribute to health risk.

Answer 21

Hereditary
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle and behavioural choices

Question 22

What are risk factors of a CHD

Answer 22

High blood pressure
Obesity
Blood cholesterol and other dietary factors
Smoking
Genetic inheritance

Question 23

Elevated blood pressure is known as?

Answer 23

Hypertension

Question 24

Define the word blood pressure

Answer 24

Blood pressure is a measure of hydrostatic force of the blood of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel.

Question 25

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 25

The maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts

Question 26

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 26

The blood pressure when the heart is relaxed

Question 27

For a healthy person what would you expect there systolic pressure to be?

Answer 27

Between 100mmHg and 140mmHg

Question 28

For a healthy person what would you expect it's diastolic pressure to be?

Answer 28

Between 60mmHg and 90mmHg

Question 29

Define the term peripheral resistance.

Answer 29

Contact between blood and the walls of the blood vessels causing friction.

Question 30

What is one sign of high blood pressure?

Answer 30

Oedema

Question 31

What is oedema?

Answer 31

Fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

Question 32

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 32

Single sugar unit

Question 33

Monosaccharides can be joined by what reaction to form disaccharides?

Answer 33

Condensation

Question 34

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 34

Contains three or more sugar units

Question 35

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 35

(CH2O)n

Question 36

What is the bond called that forms between two glucoses?

Answer 36

Glycosidic

Question 37

Name 3 common disaccharides?

Answer 37

Sucrose Maltose Lactose

Question 38

Sucrose is formed from...

Answer 38

Glucose and fructose

Question 39

Maltose is formed from

Answer 39

Two glucose molecules

Question 40

Lactose is formed from

Answer 40

Galactose and glucose

Question 41

The glycosidic link between two sugar units in a disaccharide can be split by..

Answer 41

Hydrolysis

Question 42

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 42

Polysaccharides are polymers made up from simple sugar monomers joined by glycosidic links into long chains

Question 43

Starch is made up from which two molecules?

Answer 43

Amylose | Amylopectin

Question 44

What is amylose composed of?

Answer 44

Straight chain of between 200 and 5000 glucose molecules with a 1,4 glycosidic link

Question 45

What is amylopectin composed of?

Answer 45

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic link

Question 46

What are triglycerides made up of?

Answer 46

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule linked by condensation reactions

Question 47

The bond formed between each fatty acid in a triglyceride is known as

Answer 47

Ester bond

Question 48

How many ester bonds are formed in a triglyceride?

Answer 48

3

Question 49

When cholesterol forms with proteins it forms ....

Answer 49

Lipoproteins

Question 50

How does smoking affect your circulatory system?

Answer 50

The haemoglobin in red blood cells carries carbon monoxide from the smoke instead of oxygen Result in increased heart rate because the body reacts to provide enough oxygen for the cells Nicotine stimulates adrenaline Smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol level

Question 51

What is an 'Apolipoprotein'

Answer 51

The protein component of lipoproteins

Question 52

Where are apolipoproteins formed?

Answer 52

In the liver

Question 53

Name some ways you can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 53

Stop smoking Maintaining resting blood pressure below 140/85 mmHg Maintaining low blood cholesterol level Maintaining a normal BMI/ low waist to hip ratio Taking more physical exercise Moderate or no use of alcohol

Question 54

What are the three main drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure

Answer 54

ACE inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Diuretics

Question 55

How do ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure?

Answer 55

They release a hormone called angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

Question 56

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 56

Dry cough Dizziness Abnormal heart rhythms Reduction in the function of the kidney.

Question 57

How does calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

Answer 57

They block the calcium channels in the muscle cells in the lining of the arteries For the muscle to contract calcium must pass through these channels. Failure of calcium means the blood vessels do not constrict

Question 58

How do diuretics reduce blood pressure?

Answer 58

Increase the amount of urine thus getting rid of any excess fluids and salt This causes a decrease in blood plasma volume which lowers blood pressure

Question 59

What are the side effects of diuretics?

Answer 59

Dizziness, nausea or muscle cramps