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Biology > Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health And Risk > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health And Risk Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Name the features of Arteries

A
  • Narrow Lumen
  • Thicker Walls
  • More collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
  • No valves
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1
Q

If a substance loves water then it is…?

A

Hydrophilic

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2
Q

Name some features of veins.

A
  • Wide lumen
  • Thinner walls
  • Less collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • Valves
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3
Q

Capillaries are how many cells thick?

A

1

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4
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart

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5
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

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6
Q

What is the job of valves?

A

To prevent back flow

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7
Q

What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole

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8
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Blood under low pressure flows into the left and right atria.
As the atria fills the atrioventricular valves open.
Blood starts to leak into the ventricles

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9
Q

What is the second phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular systole

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10
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract which increases the pressure
This pushes blood up through the arteries
The av valves close preventing backflow

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11
Q

What is the last stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole

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12
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Elastic recoil lowers the pressure
Blood under high pressure is drawn back towards the ventricles
This closes the semi- lunar valves
The coronary arteries fill

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13
Q

Name the chemical changes in the blood clotting process

A

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin.

Fibrinogen changes into long insoluble strands or the protein fibrin.

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14
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is the disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and strokes.

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15
Q

Name what happens during atherosclerosis

A

The endothelium becomes damaged.
The inner lining is breached.
White blood cells move into the artery wall.
Cells accumulate chemicals particularly cholesterol.
A deposit builds up called atheroma.
Calcium salts and fibrous tissues build up resulting in a hard swelling called plaque.
Plaque causes the artery to become narrow.
Dangerous positive feedback builds up.

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16
Q

Why do only arteries get atherosclerosis?

A

The fast flowing blood is under high pressure so there is high chance of damage to the walls.

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17
Q

What happens during the blood clotting process?

A 
Platelets become sticky
Temporary platelet plug forms
Activation of more platelets
Cascade of chemical changes
Prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into long insoluble strands of fibrin
Forms a tangled mesh
Traps blood cells from a clot
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18
Q

What are the two concequences of atherosclerosis?

A

Coronary heart disease and a stroke

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19
Q

Define the word risk.

A

Risk is the probability or occurrence of an unwanted event or outcome.

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20
Q

Name reasons why someone would overestimate risk?

A 
Involuntary
Not natural
Unfamiliar
Dreaded 
Unfair
Very small
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21
Q

What are the factors that contribute to health risk.

A

Hereditary
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle and behavioural choices

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22
Q

What are risk factors of a CHD

A 
High blood pressure
Obesity
Blood cholesterol and other dietary factors
Smoking
Genetic inheritance
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23
Q

Elevated blood pressure is known as?

A

Hypertension

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24
Q

Define the word blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is a measure of hydrostatic force of the blood of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel.

25
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts

26
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The blood pressure when the heart is relaxed

27
Q

For a healthy person what would you expect there systolic pressure to be?

A

Between 100mmHg and 140mmHg

28
Q

For a healthy person what would you expect it’s diastolic pressure to be?

A

Between 60mmHg and 90mmHg

29
Q

Define the term peripheral resistance.

A

Contact between blood and the walls of the blood vessels causing friction.

30
Q

What is one sign of high blood pressure?

A

Oedema

31
Q

What is oedema?

A

Fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

32
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Single sugar unit

33
Q

Monosaccharides can be joined by what reaction to form disaccharides?

A

Condensation

34
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Contains three or more sugar units

35
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

36
Q

What is the bond called that forms between two glucoses?

A

Glycosidic

37
Q

Name 3 common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

38
Q

Sucrose is formed from…

A

Glucose and fructose

39
Q

Maltose is formed from

A

Two glucose molecules

40
Q

Lactose is formed from

A

Galactose and glucose

41
Q

The glycosidic link between two sugar units in a disaccharide can be split by..

A

Hydrolysis

42
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are polymers made up from simple sugar monomers joined by glycosidic links into long chains

43
Q

Starch is made up from which two molecules?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

44
Q

What is amylose composed of?

A

Straight chain of between 200 and 5000 glucose molecules with a 1,4 glycosidic link

45
Q

What is amylopectin composed of?

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic link

46
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule linked by condensation reactions

47
Q

The bond formed between each fatty acid in a triglyceride is known as

A

Ester bond

48
Q

How many ester bonds are formed in a triglyceride?

A

3

49
Q

When cholesterol forms with proteins it forms ….

A

Lipoproteins

50
Q

How does smoking affect your circulatory system?

A

The haemoglobin in red blood cells carries carbon monoxide from the smoke instead of oxygen
Result in increased heart rate because the body reacts to provide enough oxygen for the cells
Nicotine stimulates adrenaline
Smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol level

51
Q

What is an ‘Apolipoprotein’

A

The protein component of lipoproteins

52
Q

Where are apolipoproteins formed?

A

In the liver

53
Q

Name some ways you can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A

Stop smoking
Maintaining resting blood pressure below 140/85 mmHg
Maintaining low blood cholesterol level
Maintaining a normal BMI/ low waist to hip ratio
Taking more physical exercise
Moderate or no use of alcohol

54
Q

What are the three main drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure

A

ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

55
Q

How do ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure?

A

They release a hormone called angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

56
Q

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Dry cough
Dizziness
Abnormal heart rhythms
Reduction in the function of the kidney.

57
Q

How does calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

A

They block the calcium channels in the muscle cells in the lining of the arteries
For the muscle to contract calcium must pass through these channels.
Failure of calcium means the blood vessels do not constrict

58
Q

How do diuretics reduce blood pressure?

A

Increase the amount of urine thus getting rid of any excess fluids and salt
This causes a decrease in blood plasma volume which lowers blood pressure

59
Q

What are the side effects of diuretics?

A

Dizziness, nausea or muscle cramps

Biology (4 decks)

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