Topic 1 Lifestyle health and risk Flashcards
Explain how can high blood pressure increase the risk of developing a CVD? (3)
-Causes damage to the endothelium of arteries.
-Build up of cholesterol leads to atheroma formation/Inflammatory response.
-Plaque develops, lumen narrows.
Explain why a mammal born with a hole between the two ventricles will become easily tired due to lack of energy? (3)
-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix.
-Concentration of oxygen in blood circulating in body reduces.
-Less oxygen available for aerobic respiration.
Explain how the diet of a person could affect the development of CVD. (4)
-High salt intake.
-Increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-High cholesterol intake.
-High LDL’s can form atheromas.
What reduces blood pressure? With an example. (1)
Antihypertensives. Beta blockers.
Describe the role of LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis. (3)
-LDL’s increase blood cholesterol.
-Cholesterol causes plaque to form.
-In endothelium of artery.
Explain how atherosclerosis can result in damage to heart muscle. (3)
-Narrows lumen of coronary arteries.
-Reducing blood flow to cardiac muscle.
-Reducing aerobic respiration.
Explain how a blood clot could form in blood vessel. (4)
-Collagen exposed when wall of blood vessel is damaged.
-Leads to release of thromboplastin.
-Thromboplastin catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
-Thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
-Fibrin forms mesh of fibres and traps red blood cells.
Describe how very high blood pressure could result in atherosclerosis. (3)
-High blood pressure damages endothelium of artery.
-Causing inflammatory response.
-Atheroma forms due to cholesterol build up.
Explain why platelet inhibitors would reduce the risk of a heart attack. (2)
-Reduce risk of blood clots forming.
-By making platelets less sticky.
-Less likely that blood flow to heart muscle will be blocked.
Describe how high blood pressure could be reduced by medication and lifestyle changes. (3)
-Antihypertensive can be taken.
-Reduce salt intake.
-Increase exercise.
-Stop smoking.
Explain the effect that a diet high in salt could have on a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (5)
-High salt intake increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-Causes inflammatory response.
-Leading to atheroma formation.
-Arteries narrow increasing risk of blood clots.
Devise a procedure to compare the effects of decaffeinated coffee and regular coffee on the heart rate of Daphnia. (4)
-Use a microscope to count the number of daphnia.
-Measure the heart rate of daphnia in plain water, decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee to see heartbeat before and after.
-Ensure they’re measured at same temp for same amount of time.
-Use a T-test to compare results.
What happens in atrial systole?
-Atria contracts forcing atrioventricular valves to open.
-Blood flows into ventricles.
-Ventricular diastole occurs during atrial systole.
What happens in ventricular systole?
-Ventricle contracts forcing semi-lunar valves to open.
-Blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary artery.
-And blood flows from left ventricle into aorta.
-Atrial diastole occurs during Ventricular systole.
Explain why high levels of sugars in a person’s diet could lead to obesity. (3)
-Energy intake higher than energy output.
-Excess energy converted to fat.
-Leading to weight gain.
-BMI>30 indicates obesity.
BMI is used to see if a person is obese, state another method used to indicate obesity? (1)
Hip to waist ratio.
Explain how the structure of glycogen allows it to be an energy store. (3)
-Glycogen is a polysaccharide.
-It is branched to allow for rapid hydrolysis.
-Contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
-Compact so a large amount of glucose can be stored in a small space.
-Insoluble meaning it doesn’t affect osmosis.
Why are LDL’s saturated?
-Contain no carbon-carbon double bond.
-Hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen.
-Form unbranched linear chains.
Why are HDL’s unsaturated?
-Contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
-Double bonds create a kink in hydrocarbon chain.
Describe the reaction that joins two α-glucose molecules to form a disaccharide. (2)
-A condensation reaction takes place.
-Water is formed.
Compare and contrast structure of glycogen and a disaccharide.(4)
-Both contain glycosidic bonds.
-Both contain glucose.
-Glycogen contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas disaccharides contains only one type of glycosidic bonds.
-Glycogen only contains glucose whereas disaccharides can contain glucose and other monosaccharides.
Describe how an enzyme can break down polysaccharides. (2)
Enzymes hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds.
What are triglycerides made up of?
One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids joined by ester bonds formed in a condensation reaction.
A student stated that loss of heat when sweating is related to the dipole nature of water molecules.
Justify this statement. (3)
-The water has an uneven distribution of charge making it a dipole.
-Water forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.
-Requires a lot of thermal energy to break these bonds.
-To allow water to evaporate.
Explain how the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium. (3)
-Water is a solvent.
-Water molecules surround polar molecules.
-Water is a liquid so it has the ability to flow.
