Topic 1- Lifestyle, health and risk

Question 1

1.1. Why do many animals have a heart and circulation (mass transport to overcome limitations of diffusion in meeting the requirements of organisms)

Question 2

1.2. What’s the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature.

Question 3

1.3. How do the structures of blood vessels (capillaries, arteries and veins)
relate to their functions.

Question 4

1.4. (i). What is the cardiac cycle (atrial systole, ventricular systole and cardiac diastole) and relate the structure and operation of the mammalian heart, including the major blood vessels, to its function.

Question 5

1.4. (ii). How can the relationship between heart structure and function be
investigated practically.

Question 6

1.5. Explain the course of events that leads to atherosclerosis

Question 7

1.6. Explain the blood-clotting process and its role in cardiovascular
disease (CVD).

Question 8

1.7. How do factors such as genetics, diet, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 9

1.8. Analyze and interpret quantitative data on illness and mortality rates
to determine health risks, including distinguishing between correlation and
causation and recognizing conflicting evidence.

Question 10

1.9. Evaluate the design of studies used to determine health risk factors,
including sample selection and sample size used to collect data that is both valid and reliable.

Question 11

1.10. Why are people’s perceptions of risks often different from the actual
risks, including underestimating and overestimating the risks due to diet and other lifestyle factors in the development of heart disease.

Question 12

1.11. (i). Analyze data on energy budgets and diet.

Question 13

1.11. (ii). Explain the consequences of energy imbalance, including weight loss, weight gain, and development of obesity.

Question 14

1.12. (i) What’s difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides, including glycogen and starch (amylose and amylopectin).

Question 15

1.12. (ii). Relate the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides to their roles in providing and storing energy (β-glucose and cellulose are not required in this topic).

Question 16

1.13. How do monosaccharides join to form disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and
maltose) and polysaccharides (glycogen and amylose) through condensation
reactions forming glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split through hydrolysis reactions.

Question 17

1.14. (i). How does a triglyceride get synthesized by the formation of ester bonds
during condensation reactions between glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 18

1.14. (ii). What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids.

Question 19

1.15. (i). Analyze and interpret data on the possible significance for health of blood cholesterol levels and levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

Question 20

1.15. (ii). What is the evidence for a causal relationship between blood cholesterol levels (total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 21

1.16. How do people use scientific knowledge about the effects of diet, including obesity indicators, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio, exercise
and smoking to reduce their risk of coronary heart disease.

Question 22

Discuss Core Practical 1: Daphnia and caffeine

Question 23

1.17. Discuss the potential ethical issues regarding the use of invertebrates in
research.

Question 24

Discuss Core Practical 2: Vitamin C content on food and drink.

Question 25

1.18. What are the benefits and risks of treatments for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (antihypertensive, statins, anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors).