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Bio mock AS > TOPIC 1: Lifestyle and Risk > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: Lifestyle and Risk Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why high blood pressure can increase the risk of developing CVD (3)

A
  • high blood pressure causes damage to endothelium of arteries
  • built up of cholesterol leads to formation of atheroma
  • plaque develops and narrows lumen of the artery
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2
Q

Explain why a mammal born with a hole between two ventricles will have these symptoms (3)

A
  • less oxygen available for aerobic respiration
  • deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood
  • therefore reducing concentration of oxygen in blood circulating the body
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3
Q

Explain how the diet of a person could affect the development of CVD (4)

A
  • higher salt intake
  • increases blood pressure
  • high intake of saturated fat

^ linked to plaque formation

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4
Q

Describe the role of LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis (3)

A
  • cholesterol in the blood
  • is deposited to form atheroma
  • in the endothelium of an artery
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5
Q

Explain how atherosclerosis can result in damage to the heart muscle (2)

A
  • narrowing of coronary arteries
  • which reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle
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6
Q

Describe the role of thrombin in blood clotting (3)

A
  • thrombin is an enzyme
  • which catalysed the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
  • a mesh of fibrin traps platelets to form a clot
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7
Q

Explain why a mutation in the gene coding for the protein factor V may increase the risk of VTE (3)

A
  • mutation in gene changes the sequence of amino acids
  • increases production of thrombin
  • increases blood clotting
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8
Q

Explain how a blood clot could form in a blood vessel (4)

A
  • collagen is exposed when the wall of a blood vessel is damaged
  • leading to release of thromboplastin
  • thromboplastin catalysed conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
  • thrombin catalysed conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
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9
Q

Explain why tranexamic acid will result in reduced blood loss during surgery (3)

A
  • fibrin forms a mesh that collects platelets
  • tranexamic acid stops the breakdown of fibrin
  • allowing clots to remain in place
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10
Q

Explain how very high blood pressure could result in atherosclerosis (4)

A
  • high blood pressure damages endothelium of an artery
  • causing an inflammatory response
  • atheroma forms
  • calcium salts & fibrous tissue build up
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11
Q

Explain how atherosclerosis in one part of an artery could increase the likelihood of it developing in another part of the same artery (2)

A
  • plaque narrows the lumen
  • further increases blood pressure
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12
Q

Explain why platelet inhibitors would reduce the risk of a heart attack (2)

A
  • reduce the risk of blood clots forming
  • therefore less likely that blood flow to heart muscle will be blocked
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13
Q

Explain the file of antihypertensive drugs in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (4)

A
  • lower blood pressure

^ reduced risk of damage to endothelium of artery

  • reduced risk of inflammatory response
  • reduced risk of atheroma
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14
Q

State two possible side effects of taking drugs to reduce blood pressure (2)

A
  • nausea
  • kidney failure
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15
Q

Explain why beta-blockers are prescribed for some people (2)

A
  • reduce blood pressure
  • reducing risk of CVD
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16
Q

Describe how glucose moves into cells by facilitated diffusion (2)

A
  • glucose binds to carrier proteins in cell surface membrane
  • and moves from a high to low concentration
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17
Q

Explain how the structure of glycogen allows it to be an energy store (3)

A
  • branched: rapid hydrolysis
  • compact: large amount of energy able to be stored in small space
  • provides glucose for respiration
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18
Q

Describe the reaction that joins two a-glucose molecules to form a disaccharide (2)

A
  • condensation reaction
  • involving OH groups on both molecules
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19
Q

Compare and contrast the structures of trehalose and maltose (2)

A
  • both contain a glycosidic bond
  • in trehalose, one of the glucose monomers is inverted
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20
Q

Give one structural difference between amylose and amylopectin (1)

A
  • amylose is unbranched
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21
Q

Explain how the structures of amylopectin and glycogen make them suitable for storing energy (3)

A
  • branched: can be rapidly hydrolysed
  • compact: more energy can be stored in a small space
  • insoluble: doesn’t affect osmosis
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22
Q

Explain the advantage of insects storing both trehalose and glycogen (4)

A
  • glycogen is a polymer of glucose

^ & is very branched so releases glucose rapidly

  • the breakdown of trehalose provides more of an immediate source of glucose
  • glucose is used in respiration to provide energy
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23
Q

Explain the effect that large quantities of this lipoprotein would have on blood cholesterol levels (4)

A
  • increased blood cholesterol

^ bcs the triglyceride is saturated

^ & this lipoprotein is an LDL

^ and LDLs transport cholesterol

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24
Q

State the type of reaction where two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharide molecule (1)

A
  • condensation reaction
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25
Q

Name the two monosaccharides that are produced when sucrose is broken down (1)

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
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26
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of a disaccharide with glycogen (4)

A

SIMILARITIES:
- both contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
- both contain glycosidic bonds
- both contains glucose

DIFFERENCES:
- glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds but disaccharides only have 1 type of glycosidic bonds

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27
Q

Describe how an enzyme could break down the polysaccharide component of monopolysaccharides (2)

A
  • hydrolysis
  • of glycosidic bonds
28
Q

Describe the structure of an unbranched polysaccharide (2)

A
  • joined together by glycosidic bonds
  • only 1,4 glycosidic bonds present
29
Q

Describe the formation of glycogen from glucose (2)

A
  • joined together in condensation reactions
  • forming 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
30
Q

Explain why high levels of sugars in a person’s diet could lead to obesity (3)

A
  • energy intake is higher than energy output
  • excess sugars can be stored as fat

^ leading to weight gain

31
Q

A student stated that loss of heat when sweating is related to the dipole nature of water molecules.
Justify this statement. (3)

A
  • water has an uneven distribution of charge
  • forms h-bonds with other water molecules
  • lots of heat is required to break these bonds
32
Q

Explain how the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium. (3)

A
  • water is a solvent
  • because water molecules surround polar molecules
  • water is a liquid, so has ability to flow
33
Q

Name the type of reaction in which a molecule of water is involved in the breaking of a bond in another molecule. (1)

A
  • hydrolysis
34
Q

Compare and contrast the heart and circulatory system of a snake with that of a human. (4)

A

similarities:
- both have a double circulatory system
- both have 2 atria, veins, arteries and capillaries

differences:
- snake heart has one ventricle, human heart has two

  • in snake heart, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix. in human heart, they do not
35
Q

Explain why a snake needs a heart. (2)

A
  • to supply oxygen to body cells
  • by mass transport
36
Q

Determine why animal A does not need a circulatory system but animal B does. (4)

A
  • both have the same volume
  • animal A has a larger surface area

^ and a larger surface area : vol ratio

  • so sufficient s.a in animal A for diffusion
37
Q

State and explain one feature of capillaries that helps them carry out their functions. (2)

A
  • walls are one cell thick

^ provides short diffusion pathway to reach body cells

38
Q

Explain why multicellular organism, such as humans, require a circulatory system while single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, do not. (2)

A
  • multicellular organisms are made up of many layers of cells
  • the diffusion pathway to cells deep in the body would be too far
39
Q

Describe what is meant by a mass transport system. (1)

A
  • the bulk movement of gases or liquids in one direction, usually via a system of vessels and tubes.
40
Q

Using a named example, explain the benefits of the circulatory system as a mass transport. (3)

A
  • the lungs & circulatory system
  • faster transport of oxygen from the lungs
  • faster removal of CO2 from respiring cells to lungs
41
Q

Describe one structure of an artery and a vein and how this structure relates to its function. (2)

A
  • artery: narrow lumen
    ^ withstands high blood pressure
  • vein: valves
    ^ prevents back flow of blood
42
Q

Explain the blood pressure in the following: (5)

i) the arteries and arterioles
ii) the capillaries
iii) the venules and veins

A

i) - higher blood pressure because contractions of heart force blood into arteries at high pressure

  • narrow lumen maintains high b.p
  • pressure increases when heart contracts and decreases when heart relaxes

ii) pressure decreases because friction increases b/w capillary walls and blood

iii) blood pressure decreases bcs greater distance b/w veins and heart

43
Q

Explain one property of water that makes it an ideal transport medium for organisms with a transport system. (2)

A
  • acts as a solvent

^ can transport dissolved substances in blood e.g. glucose

44
Q

Explain the role of hydrogen bonding and its importance in transporting water. (2)

A
  • allows water molecules to stick together
  • H-bonds form b/w other molecules and water
45
Q

Explain how valves work. (2)

A
  • prevent back flow of blood
  • e.g. right AV valve prevents blood returning to right atrium from right ventricle
46
Q

Name which part of the heart causes the increase in pressure in the aorta.

A

left ventricle

47
Q

Explain why increasing pressure in the aorta is important for the organism. (3)

A
  • ensures blood is leaving heart under high pressure
  • so oxygen is delivered to cells
  • for aerobic respiration
48
Q

Discuss the ethical issues when using organisms such as Daphnia

A
  • organisms cannot communicate when they feel pain or discomfort
49
Q

Name two precautions that need to be taken when using live organisms during an experiment. (2)

A
  • handle organisms with care
  • wash hands after handling
50
Q

State and justify a suitable control for this investigation involving Daphnia (2)

A
  • water
  • to compare with caffeine solutions
51
Q

Describe the role of ester bonds within lipids and the mode of ester bonds’ formation and breakage. (3)

A
  • to link fatty acids and glycerol
  • formed by condensation
  • resulting in a water molecule being a by-product
52
Q

Compare and contrast the structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (4)

A

similarities:
- both have hydrocarbon tails
- both have carboxylic acids

differences:
- unsaturated has C=C double bonds
- saturated has straight chains

53
Q

Describe how the misuse of alcohol can result in an increased risk of CVD. (2)

A
  • can increase blood pressure
  • this can put a strain on artery walls, increasing the risk of an atheroma
54
Q

Explain how a diuretic may reduce blood pressure and relieve the symptoms. (2)

A
  • more plasma leaves the body
  • reduced blood volume
55
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of alpha and beta glucose. (4)

A

similarities:
- both have hexose sugars
- both have a ring structure

differences:
- alpha has H above Carbon-1 & OH below

  • beta has H below Carbon-1 & OH group above
56
Q

State why the properties of glucose make it a good molecule for its roles:

  • small
  • high ability to polymerise
  • high solubility in water
  • high energy content
A
  • small: easily transportable
  • high ability to polymerise: good for storage compounds e.g. glycogen
  • high solubility in water: easy transport in aqueous systems
  • high energy content: high energy yield
57
Q

State two features of a glycosidic bond that forms between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction. (2)

A
  • strong covalent bond
  • acts as a bridge via one oxygen atom
58
Q

State two features of starch and how they allow starch to act as a storage substance. (4)

A
  • branched chain
    ^ fast breakdown
  • insoluble
    ^ doesn’t affect water potential
59
Q

Explain what 25% of the energy of the total BMR is principally released for. (2)

A
  • keeping neurones polarised
  • by active transport
60
Q

Explain how the hole in the septum allowed this baby to survive. (3)

A
  • hole allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix
  • oxygenated blood travels to body
  • providing some oxygen for respiration
61
Q

State the type of vessel with no collagen in its wall

A

capillary

62
Q

Describe the Daphnia practical. (5)

A
  • Daphnia immobilised on cavity slide
  • acclimatisation time in caffeine solution
  • use counter to count heart rate
  • use Daphnia of same size
  • repeat & calculate mean
63
Q

Name the valves in the heart. (2)

A
  • atrioventicular valve
  • semilunar valve
64
Q

Explain how pressure differences in the heart ensure efficient pumping of the blood into the arteries. (3)

A
  • pressure increases in ventricles
  • greater pressure in ventricles than atria
  • causing atrioventricular valves to close
65
Q

Explain the changes in blood pressure during this part of the cardiac cycle. (4)

A
  • pressure increases due to atrial systole

^ ventricles fill w/ blood

  • after atrial systole finishes, there’s a fall in ventricular pressure
  • pressure increases due to ventricular systole

Bio mock AS (4 decks)

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