Topic 1 - Key Concepts In Biology (UNFINISHED)

Question 1

State two types of cell

Answer 1

Eukaryotic (plant and animal) and prokaryotic

Question 2

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells don’t.

Question 3

Components found in both plant and animal cells

Answer 3

Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

Question 4

How is genetic information stored in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 4

Within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes

Question 5

What are 2 functions of the nucleus

Answer 5

Storing genetic information and controlling cellular activities

Question 6

Structure of the cytoplasm

Answer 6

Fluid component of the cell.
Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

Question 7

Function of the cytoplasm

Answer 7

Site of reactions in the cell e.g first stage of respiration

Question 8

Function of cell membrane

Answer 8

Controls the exit and entry of materials in and out of the cell

Question 9

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 9

Site of later stages of respiration in which ATP is produced

Question 10

Function of ribosomes

Answer 10

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation

Question 11

Organelles found in plant cells only

Answer 11

Large, permanent vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplasts

Question 12

What’s the cell wall made of?

Answer 12

Cellulose

Question 13

Function of the cell wall

Answer 13

Provides strength
Prevents the cell bursting when water enters the cell by osmosis

Question 14

What does the permanent vacuole contain

Answer 14

A solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

Question 15

Function of the permanent vacuole

Answer 15

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity

Question 16

Function of the chloroplasts

Answer 16

Site of photosynthesis

Question 17

Why do chloroplasts appear green under a light microscope

Answer 17

Contain chlorophyll, which is a green pigment

Question 18

Organelles found in prokaryotic cells

Answer 18

Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Flagella

Question 19

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 19

Found free within the cytoplasm as:
Chromosomal DNA (large loop of circular DNA)
Plasmid DNA

Question 20

What are plasmids

Answer 20

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.

Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g antibiotic resistance

Question 21

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made of

Pepsi

Answer 21

Peptidoglycan

Question 22

What is a flagellum?

Answer 22

Long, rotating, ‘whip-like’ protrusion.

It allows bacteria to move

Question 23

What is a haploid cell

Answer 23

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes) e.g 23 in humans

Question 24

What is a diploid cell

Answer 24

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes) e.g 46 in humans

Question 25

What are gametes?

Answer 25

Reproductive cells (e.g sperm and egg cells). They are haploid.

Question 26

Sexual reproduction in terms of chromosome number

Answer 26

Two haploid gametes fuse.
embryo has two chromosomes for each gene and two copies of each allele. Therefore, it’s diploid.