Topic 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Osteology Flashcards
define the standard anatomical position
Palms facing forwards
Legs shoulder width apart
Head straight
describe sagittal plane
separates left and right
flexion and extension
describe coronal plane
divides front and back
abduction and adduction
describe transverse plan
divides top and bottom parts
rotation
anterior
towards the front (ventral)
posterior
towards the back (dorsal)
superior
towards the head/top (cephalic)
inferior
towards the feet/bottom (caudal)
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from the midline
proximal
towards the trunk
distal
away from the trunk
superficial
towards the surface
deep
away from the surface
major bones in the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, laryngeal skeleton
major bones in appendicular skeleton
girdles (shoulder and pelvic), free limbs
functions of the skeleton
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
red blood cell formation
long bones
Longer than they are wide
Have a shaft and two expanded ends
Found in limbs
Examples: humerus, femur
short bones
Roughly equal length and width
No shaft
Found in hands and feet
Examples: carpals, tarsals
flat bones
Thin, flattened bones
Usually form boundaries of cavities to protect underlying structures
Examples: cranial bones (e.g. frontal bone), sternum, ribs, scapulae
irregular bones
Complex, mixed shapes
Do not fit into other categories
Examples: facial bones, vertebrae, hip bones
seasmoid bones
Small, round bones
Develop within tendons
Protect tendon (muscle to bone)
Change the angle of tendon insertion to increase leverage for muscle contraction
Example: patella
trochanter
Large, round projection (only on femur) attachment
tuberosity
Rough projection (e.g. on hip bone/ischial tuberosities) attachment
tubercle
Small, round projection (e.g. humerus) attachment
head
Round, smooth projection at the end of a long bone (projection) (e.g. Head of humerus) articulation
condyle
Round/egg-shaped, smooth projection (projection) (e.g. medial condyle on back of femur) articulation
epicondyle
Raised projection on or above a condyle (e.g. on back of femur) attachment
ramus
Branch-like projection (e.g. on mandible) attachment
line
Low ridge (e.g. intertrochanteric line on front of femur) attachment
ridge
Allows a muscle to attach to the bone
spine
Pointed, slender projection (e.g. spine of scapula) attachment
process
Any bony prominence (e.g. on vertebra/spinous process) attachment
facet
Smooth, flat surface that forms a gliding joint with another flat bone or face
fovea
Small, pit-like depression (fovea capitis on head of femur)
fossa
Shallow depression (supraspinous fossa on scapula)
groove
shallow furrow (intertubercular groove/sulcus on humerus)
sulcus
Deep furrow (intertubercular groove/sulcus on humerus)
foramen
Hole (foramen magnum on bottom of skull) opening/passageway
meatus
Tubular passageway (external acoustic meatus or ear canal) opening/passageway
canal
Tubular passageway (external acoustic meatus or ear canal) opening/passageway
fissure
Narrow slit (superior orbital fissure in eye socket) opening/passageway
sinus
Space or cavity (frontal sinus or sphenoidal sinus in skull) opening/passage way
