topic 1: intro to ocular pharmaco

Question 1

[https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flucanpharmacy.com%2Fp

Given this drug, state the brand name, generic name and chemical name.

Answer 1

Brand name: panadol
Generic name: paracetamol
chemical name: pharahydroxybenzonates

Question 2

Define Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

what the drug does to the body
(biological& therapeutic effects of the drug)

Question 3

Define Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

what the body does to the drug
( types of drug administration

Question 4

what need to occur for the reaction to take place?

what happens when a drug enters the body?
(draw out the diagram)

Answer 4

1) drug binding need to occur for reaction to take place
2) D[drug/ligant] +R[Receptor]=DR [pharmalogical effect]
3) refer to notes for diagram

Question 5

rate of reaction

define law of mass action

Answer 5

It is when the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reactants
However, there will be apoint where the drug causes toxicity which we call overdose

eg. if we increase the amt of drug, the rate of reaction also increases,

Question 6

ON drug

Define Agonist

Answer 6

An Angonists is an ON Drug which is able to bind with a receptor , activate it and casue a reaction

Question 7

Name the properies of an agonist

Answer 7

1) Affinity : ability/tendency to bind with a receptor
2) Efficacy: Ability to activate the receptor and produce a reaction
3) both added up will determine the Drug Potency(how strong the drug is)

Question 8

Name the type of agonists

Answer 8

1) Partial Agonists: may occupy all receptorsbut produces a lower respose compared to a full agonists
2) Full Agonists: may produce max response by binding to a fraction of the receptors

partial: eg. if there are 10 receptors, agonists occupies all 10 but only gioves you 50% of the response you want
full:eg. if there is 10 receptors, the agonists only occupies 2 but igives you the max (100%) response

Question 9

Draw out the dose response curve and explain which drug is more potent?
Define Effective dose?

Answer 9

Drug B platoos, means that even if more drug is inroduced to the system, it will not reach 100% effec as the potency is already saturated at 50% mark, eventually reaching toxicity. But Drug A is able to reach 100%

Effective dose; dose level producing a reponse that is 50% of the max

Question 10

OFF Drug

Define Antagonists

Answer 10

Antagonists are OFF drug that blocks the actions of other substances without producing any physiological effect

in the event f too much agonists drug, it is able to prevent overdose

Question 11

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Name the types of Antagonists

Answer 11

1) Competitive antagonists : compete with agonists for binding sites but can be overcomed with he incread in agonists
2) Non-competitive agonists: reduce agonists effect by not sharing the sanme binding site & reaction cannot be overconed with increasing agonists
3) Irreversible antagonists: binds irreversibly with receptors, no matter how much agonists conc. is introduced to stop the antagonists, it will not works as its irreversible

Question 12

Name the 4 drug route in the human body

Answer 12

1) administration
2) absorption
3) distribution
4) elimination

Question 13

what are some questions you need to ask before administration?

Answer 13

• ocular history
• medical history
• medications currently taking
• family history
• contraindication/allergies

Question 14

Type of administrations?

Answer 14

1) Local : administer the drug at the site of infection eg. by apply cream or ointment on the rashes (skin), by droping eye drops
2) Systemic: Drug eneters the blood stream through oral or parenteral

Question 15

Describe oral administration

Answer 15

• most common
• exists in capsules, tablets, fluids
• absorbption occurs at small intestine

Question 16

Explain Parenteral Administration

Answer 16

The drug enters the systemic circulation without deactivation by liver

Question 17

types of parenteral administration

Answer 17

1) subcuntaenous (under the skin): eg. insulin injection for diabetics
2) Intramuscular: vaccination
3) Intravenous: eneters systemic cirrculation immediately, fastest way of administration

Question 18

What happens during the absorption stage?

Answer 18

Drugs get absorbed through passive movement across the cell membrane by a concentration gradient

passive movement; a movement that require no energy

Question 19

What are the steps in drug distribution?

Answer 19

drugs distribute in the body driven by blood circulation.
steps:
1) dilution of blood
2) movement into extracellular fluid
3) uptake into cells

Question 20

Name the 2 processes of drug elimination

Answer 20

Drug elimination is the removal of drug from the body
It involves metabolism and excretion, elimination can be wither 1 or both processes

Question 21

Explain metabolism and excretion

Answer 21

metabolism: also known as biotranformation is the chemical alteration of a drug into a different form, occurs mainly at the liver

excretion : refrs to the transfer of a drug from the inside to the outside of the body. Occurs mainly in the urine via the kidney