TOPIC 1 - Intro To Behaviour Modification Flashcards
Field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying behaviour; increasing or decreasing a specific behaviour
- understand the environment the behaviour is occurring in, why is it occurring, what are the antecedents or triggers of it, and what are the consequences -> so we can figure out HOW to change
behaviour modification
A behaviourist would define behaviour as _______ , external actions, while a cognitive psychologist may define behaviour as ______ AND ______ actions.
Behaviour:
behaviourist - overt - external
cognitive psychologist - overt AND covert - internal thought changes and behaviours
Defining behaviour with _____, instead of static characteristics or label. Eg: define sad:
verbs
Sad: sobbing, brow furrowing, physically shrinking
action words
measurable dimensions of behaviour
FILD:
Frequency
Intensity
Latency
Duration
How long until a behaviour occurs. This measurable dimension of behaviour is known as:
latency
Behaviour impacts the physical and social _________.
environment
Behaviour is lawful, following predictable rules; environmental factors affect behaviour in _______ ways
consistent
def: behaviour you want to change
target behaviour
undesirable behaviour you want to decrease; behaviour that is happening too much
behavioural excess
desirable behaviour you want to increase; behaviour that’s not happening enough
behavioural deficit
The scientific study of behaviour originally developed from Skinner’s experimental research.
Experimental analysis of behaviour
the scientific study of behaviour to help change that behaviour (specifically targeted at human behaviour)
Applied behaviour analysis
what comes right before a behaviour - the stimuli in the environment present right before a behaviour occurs
antecedent
Measurement of performance/behaviour level before treatment implemented
Baseline
Recent events/stimuli in the environment that are favoured as explanations for behaviours
antecedents
History of Behaviourism (General topics - 5):
- Law of Effect
- Behaviourism
- Conditioned Reflexes
- Behavioural Principles research
- Behaviour of Organisms
Thorndike
problem solving, puzzle boxes, CATS, SR psychology, law of effect
Strengthening an association between a situation and response:
If a response is followed by a SATISFYING event, the S-R (situation-response) connection is STRENGTHENED.
If a response is followed by an UNSATISFYING event, the S-R connection is WEAKENED.
Law of…
Law of Effect
Satisfying event reinforces situation-response (SR) relationship.
Unsatisfying event weakens situation-response (SR) relationship.
This is called the ________ by _____ (who):
Law of Effect
Thorndike (cat puzzle boxes guy)
Established behaviourism movement - psychology should be all about observable behaviour; form of SR psychology was stimulus-response (instead of situaiton response). Who is this?
Watson
Classical/respondent conditioning, went off of SR psychology. Who is this?
Pavlov
Natural response or reflex can be conditioned to neutral stimulus -> make unnatural/neutral natural
Classical conditioning
Respondent conditioning
Behaviour modification based more on the consequences of a behaviour; consequences determine future occurrence of behaviour; reward or consequence increases or decreases likelihood of behaviour
Operant conditioning
Form of behaviour modification (1960s) in which you would have to identifying socially important behaviour, clearly describe procedures and basic behavioural principles, and identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and behaviour
in order to produce meaningful, generalizable, long lasting changes in behaivour
applied behaviour analysis
Applied behavioural analysis is applied to _______ to produce meaningful, generalizable, and long-lasting changes in behaviour
Humans
Measuring the target behaviour(s) in a given situation
Behaviour assessment
Behavioural assessment to determine if treatment is necessary and choose the best treatment for the situaiton
baseline
Behavioural assessment to determine if treatment was successful
change
Measuring target behaviour with interviews, testimonies, questionnaires, or self-report rating scales, are all examples of __________ assessment.
indirect assessment
Concerns around indirect assessment methods; list 3:
- memory fallible/inaccurate
- emotions fickle
- salience can make you biased
(overall reliance on recall is risky)
_______ assessment occurs after the events while _______ assessment occurs AS IT HAPPENS
Indirect
Direct
Target behaviour measured as it occurs; observer can be the individual, another person, or a device recording
direct assessment
direct behavioural assessment
Client trained to observe own behaviour
self-monitoring
Behaviour Assessment process:
- Determine and operationally define target behaviour
- Determine how behaviours will be observed + recorded
Precise and quantifiable description that specifies EXACTLY how a term will be measured; use action words/verbs.
Objective, unambiguous, practical definition of a behaviour that accounts for all situations.
What are we measuring? How will we measure it? How will we record those measurements?
operational definition
Operational definition of anger:
- heart rate exceeds certain number of bpm
- galvanic skin response
- mouth curls down at least 3 mm
- brows furrow for at least 3 seconds
- very specific, measurable
NO reference to ______ states or thoughts, feelings, and emotions when creating an operational definition (fuck you freud)
internal
Not using labels to describe a term or behaviour, but describing the actions themselves happening in conjunction with this term or behaivour
operationally defining
operational definition
Someone besides the person exhibiting a target behaviour observing
independent observer
device to record behaviour (camera, audio)
remote monitoring
Arranging for specific events or situations to occur to observe behaviour
structured observation periods
- think Michael from the Good Place…especially the last season in which they’re testing them and collecting data on their behaviour/level of “goodness”
simply observing behaviour as it occurs without intervention
Unstructured Observation Periods
2 types of observation periods:
structured
unstructured
Documenting EVERY INSTANCE of a target behaviour during the observation period
continuous recording
Documenting SOME of the occurrences of a target behaviour
sample recording
or
discontinuous recording
Record whether the target behaviour occurs within certain time intervals.
interval recording
3 types of interval recording:
- Partial
- Whole
- Frequency-within
type of interval recording: Which intervals did it happen in? Did it happen in these intervals yes or no?
Partial-interval recording
type of interval recording measuring how long a target behaivour is occurring and recording it if it persists through the entire interval
whole interval recording
Type of interval recording measuring quantity of target behaviour occurrences within each interval
frequency-within interval recording
Interval Recording Summary:
- Partial - did it happen yes or no
- Whole - did it last the whole time
- Frequency-within - quantity; how many times per interval
Dividing observational periods into intervals, but only observing during a PART of each interval
- super ultra sneaky random way of recording behaivour
time sample recording
A type of time sample recording in which you record the behaviour ONLY if it occurs at the exact INSTANT an interval ENDS
- only recording behaviour if occurs exactly at the end of the interval
momentary time sample recording
Calculating percentage of intervals (formula):
scored/marked intervals - intervals where behaviour was recorded
so:
scored intervals // total intervals
Recording tangible outcomes or PRODUCTS that result from the occurrence of a behaviour (not direct observation of behaviour itself)
product recording
taking a picture of your clean room to imply to someone that you underwent the behaviours needed to clean your room would be an example of _______ recording
product recording
Behaviour followed by tangible product implies that the behaviour must’ve been completed
product recording
Places in which a target behaviour normally occurs; more representative sample of target behaviour
natural settings
Places not apart of normal daily routine; controlled environment; easier to manipulate variables influencing behaviour - eg: lab
analogue settings
or
artificial settings
We want behavioural treatments to work in both ______ and ______ settings.
natural settings
analogue/artificial settings
When a person’s behaviour changes as a result of having that behaviour observed; linked to social desirability bias and social facilitation
reactivity
- Make subject comfortable with observer
- One-way observation window (like in the windows)
- Self-monitoring
These are all ways that ______ can be reduced in behavioural assessment.
reactivity
Two people independently observe and record the same target behaviour during the same observation period and then compare their recordings, and calculate the percentage of agreement. This is known as:
Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)
Inter-Observer Agreement, in which 2 observes calculate the percentage of how much their recordings on the same behaviour during the same observation period agree, is related to the concept of _________ (3):
Inter Rater Reliability
Dotted line separating no-treatment phase from treatment phase in behavioural modification
phase line
Single instances of behaviour being recorded and studies/studying/recording the behaviour of an individual or small group of people
case study
Dependent variable in research method perspective of behavioural modification:
target behaviour
- target behaviour CHANGING is DEPENDENT on the independent variable or treatment
Independent variable in research method perspective of behavioural modification
treatment/different environmental stimuli
Which is closer to a real experiment and why?
AB or ABAB research design
ABAB because you’re checking twice; going back and forth between phases to make sure it was REALLY the treatment (independent variable) that was modifying the target behaviour (dependent variable)
Research Behavioural Modification Process:
- Measure dependent variable
- Manipulate independent variable
- Replicate
The ______ research design has one baseline and one treatment phase; not a true research design because no _______, therefore it does NOT demonstrate a functional relationship between independent and dependent variable
AB research design
no replication -> doesn’t demonstrate functional relationship
The ______ treatment is a research design in which you go back to baseline and implement the treatment again after implementing the treatment a first time. ________ is being conducted, so this research design demonstrates a _______ (2) between the independent and dependent variable, confirming the independent variable (treatment) works
ABAB
Replication -> demonstrates functional relationship
Type of AB research design in which you measure the baseline of multiple subjects before implementing treatment staggered at different times for each subject.
- AB design with multiple people
- note: still not true experiment because no control group
Multiple-Baseline Subject Design
Type of AB design in which you either use multiple baseline subjects, behaviours or settings; treatment staggered across
Multiple-Baseline Designs
AB design measuring the baselines of multiple behaviours in a single subject; treatment staggered across behaviours
Multiple baseline behaviours design
AB design measuring the baseline of same behaviour over different settings; treatment staggered across settings
multiple baseline settings design
eg: how am i at the office vs. at home vs. at school
Multiple-Baseline Design types summary:
- Subjects - multiple subjects, same behaviour
- Behaviours - one subject, multiple behaviours
- Settings - one subject, multiple settings
Within treatment phase, sequential performance criteria is specified; successive goal levels for target behaviour; NOT AB design
- successive goal levels for target behaviour
Eg: systematic desensitization as a treatment for phobias - gradual exposure to feared stimuli, slowly climbing up the fear ladder, 1st rung resets for each level because conquering the smaller fears
Changing-Criterion Design
- Successive goal levels for target behaviour research treatment design - criteria or goals change with each level; demonstrates a functional relationship between treatment and target behaviour
Changing-Criterion Design
When it’s clear through experiment replication across different people and settings that a treatment is causing a change in the target behaviour, this demonstrates a ____ (2):
functional relationship
determining WHY a problem behaviour occurs:
- finding the functional relationship that is causing a behaviour; working backwards
functional assessment
Is the antecedent, consequence, or reinforcer/punishment leading to a certain behaviour? A person asking this question would be completing a _______(2):
functional assessment
- essential to understand the ______ in the ______ to conduct a thorough functional assessment
stimuli in the environment
- antecedents, consequences, reinforcers, punishers, what’s affecting this behaviour?
Steps of Functional Assessment (5):
- Identify and operationally define target behaviour
- Collect data
- Compare functional assessment - any consistent stimuli in environment?
- Develop + implement treatment
- Evaluate effectiveness - if treatment not effective go back to step 3 and try again
Abridged Steps of Functional Assessment (5):
- Operationalize
- Measure
- Observe consistent stimuli?
- Treatment
- Evaluation
(treatment ineffective -> go back to step 3)
Antecedent leads to Behaviour with leads to Consequence
Three-Term Contingency
contingency
dependent relationship
Stimuli altering current probability of behaviour; stimuli more or less likely now in their presence.
On the other hand, _____ strengthen or weaken the behaviour -> more or less likely in the future.
antecedent
consequence
Patterns right before behaviour; right before in the now: affects whether or not behaviour will happen
antecedents
A:B -> C
3 term contingency
Test a range of possible functions
- no clear hypothesis
- range of possible functions
- test condition/function
- CONTROL CONDITION FOR ALL FUNCTIONS
- RULES OUT OTHER FUNCTIONS
exploratory funcitonal analysis
Test hypothesis from descriptive assessment
- CLEAR HYPOTHESIS
- test and control condition per function
- does NOT RULE OUT other functions
Hypothesis testing functional analysis
