Topic 1 - INSIDE THE ATOM

Question 1

what is the radius of the nucleus

Answer 1

around 1 x 10^-14 m

Question 2

where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated

Answer 2

in the nucleus

Question 3

what is the radius of an atom

Answer 3

around 1 x 10^-10 m
0.1 nanometres

Question 4

what is a mass number

Answer 4

sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 5

what is an atomic number

Answer 5

number of protons
or electrons

Question 6

how do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

Answer 6

Mass number- atomic number

Question 7

what is an isotope

Answer 7

different forms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neuutrons

Question 8

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 8

A bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

Question 9

what is a molecule

Answer 9

a particle made up of at least two atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 10

Halogens

Answer 10

Non-metals with coloured vapours

As you go down group 7:
- become more reactive- distance between nucleus and shells is greater the force of attraction between electrons is weaker - intermolecular force between electrons and nucleus is weaker making it harder for electrons to be gained
-Melting and boiling point increases:
•the molecules become larger
•the intermolecular forces become stronger
•more energy is needed to overcome these forces
- higher relative atomic mass

Form ionic bonds with metals

Can form molecular compounds

Question 11

what is relative atomic mass ?

Answer 11

● Relative atomic mass: an average
value that takes account of the abundance of
the isotopes of the element

Question 12

consequences of climate change

Answer 12

•icecaps melting- sea levels rising-flooding- some species less successful hunters e.g. polar bears
•Meteorological events-Extreme meteorological events, such as storms, heatwaves and droughts, could increase in frequency and intensity
•Changes in water availability could affect how species are distributed.
•The quantity, timing and distribution of precipitation could change. This would result in some regions receiving much less or much more rainfall than they previously did.
•Food shortages-A combination of some or all of these factors could hinder a region’s ability to produce food. This could lead to potential famines.

Changing weather patterns

Question 13

how to reduce carbon footprint

Answer 13

You can reduce your carbon footprint by:
Maximise the efficiency of your energy use.
Minimise your waste.
Using renewable energy sources as an alternative to burning fossil fuels.

Carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage refers to the capture of carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels before it passes into the atmosphere.
Stores of this captured carbon are then kept deep underground.

Carbon off-setting

We can counteract emissions by planting trees, which will remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis.

Carbon-neutral products

Carbon-neutral products don’t change the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.

Question 14

what is a carbon footprint?

Answer 14

A carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted as a result of a particular service, event or product.

Question 15

how did john dalton arrange his periodic table

Answer 15

order of relative atomic mass

Question 16

how did medeleev organise the periodic table

Answer 16

order of atomic weight- however did switch a few around as their properties fitted better in another area(group)

he left gaps for undiscovered elements with similar properties

Question 17

How did john newlands organise his periodic table

Answer 17

Ordered his table in order of atomic
mass
● Realised similar properties occurred
every eighth element – ‘law of
octaves’ but broke down after
calcium.

Question 18

Ar equation including abundance isotopes and ar)

Answer 18

Ar = (sum of isotope abundance x isotope mass number)/ sum of abundances of all the isotopes

E.g Cu-63 has an abundance of 69.2% and Cu-65 has an abundance of 30.8% calculate the relative atomic mass of copper

(69.2 x 63)+ (30.8 x 65)/ (69.2+30.8) =. 6361.6/100= 63.616

Question 19

Briefly explain the process of fractional distillation to separate a mixture of the liquids methanol, ethanol and propanol.

Answer 19

Heat is applied and the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates and condenses into a beaker.

If other liquids evaporate by chance, they condense in the fractionating column back into the flask.

The temperature is altered to repeat the process for the second liquid.

The three liquids are separated based on differing boiling points with the third remaining in the flask.

Question 20

What is an ion?

Answer 20

It is a charged particle when an atom loses or gains electrons

Question 21

What is larger number on periodic table?

Answer 21

Atomic symbol
Or relative atomic mass

Question 22

What is the modern name for atomic weight?

Answer 22

Relative atomic mass

Question 23

Which sub atomic particle is relative mmass compared to ?

Answer 23

Proton
(it is 1)

Question 24

How much smaller is the nucleus than the width from the nucleus to electron ?

Answer 24

X10000

Question 25

What is an isotope

Answer 25

Different form of an element , that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 26

What is an element

Answer 26

Elements consist of atoms with the same atomic number(proto number) or z