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Design > Topic 1: Human Factors and Ergonomics > Flashcards

Topic 1: Human Factors and Ergonomics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anthropometric data

A

consists of measurements of the human body–height, weight, arm length. Datasets of anthropometric measurements can come in various forms, populations groups, quality, and sample size.

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2
Q

Define Primary data

A

the specific target audience that is gathered first hand by designer. This data can also be considered survey data and tends to consist of a relatively small numbers of samples

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3
Q

Define Secondary data

A

typically comes from data sets that are produced by government agencies or research groups and have a relatively large sample size.

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4
Q

Define Ergonomics

A

The application of scientific information concerning the relationship of human beings to the design of objects, systems and environments.

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5
Q

Define Physical Ergonomics

A

refers to posture, repetitive stress and movement. This aspect of ergonomics deals with body measurements: size, strength and physical capacity.

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6
Q

Define Cognitive Ergonomics

A

refers to the mental processes; perception, memory. Affecting interations among humans and other elements of a system.

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7
Q

Define Static Data

A

Human body measurements when the subject is still.

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8
Q

Define Structural data

A

Measurments taken while the subject is in a fixed/standard position.

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9
Q

Define Functional/Dynamic data

A

Measurements taken when the subject is in motion, related to the range and reach of various body movements.

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10
Q

Define Percentile Ranges

A

That proportion of a population with a dimension at or less than a given value.

Shown in an anthopometry table, the measurment given in the tables relates to the “average” person, or someone who is above or below average in a certain dimension.
(x = percentile- 50th is average) (y = frequency of occurence of people with …)

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11
Q

Define Clearance

A

The physical space between two objects.

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12
Q

Define Reach

A

The range a person can stretch to touch or grasp an object from a specific position.

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13
Q

Define Workspace envelope

A

the 3D space within which you perform tasks. (should be designed for the 5th percientile of the user population, so that 95% of users will be able to reach everything placed within the envelope)

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14
Q

Define Adjustability

A

The ability of a product to be changed in size, commonly used to increase the range of percentiles that aproduct is appropriate for

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15
Q

Define Range of Sizes

A

A selection of sizes a product is made.

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16
Q

Methods to collect Psychological Factor data

A

Observation, Surveys, Interviews, Standardized Testing (measuring a user’s performance compared to other users)

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17
Q

What are Psychological Factors?

A

Factors that involve the Information Processing System/mind. (Smell, Light, Sound, Taste, Texture, Temperature, Value)

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18
Q

Categorical = Qualitative

A

no numerical order (Nominal, Ordinal

19
Q

Continuous = Quantitative

A

Can be translated into a numeric order (Interval, Ratio)

20
Q

What is the Nominal Data Scale?

A

Classifying/labelling objects into discrete groups, identified with a name. (scale doesn’t provide any measurement)

21
Q

What is the Ordinal Data Scale?

A

Orders/Ranks data.

22
Q

What is the Interval Data Scale?

A

Organised into even divisions or intervals. Represents the order of values as well as showing the difference. Does not have an absolute zero (only arbitrary).

23
Q

What is Ratio Data Scale?

A

Combination of Interval and Ordinal (show exact difference between units and order of units). They have an absolute zero. This allows comparison.

24
Q

What is the Human Information Processing Systems?

A

Shows how the human mind processes and acts upon information.

25
Q

Name the 5 stages of the Human Information Processing Systems.

A

Psychological Factors (Input - Sensory Processes - Central Processes), Physiological Factors (Motor processes - Output)

26
Q

What happens in Sensory Processes?

A

Human senses take in information (5 senses)

27
Q

What happens in Central Processes?

A

The brain processes the information and makes a decision

28
Q

What happens in Motor Processes?

A

A physical response is generated by nerves stimulating muscles

29
Q

What can affect the Human Information Processing System? Breakdown

A

Age, skills level, disability.

30
Q

What are examples of Environmental factors? (5)

A

Noise, Temperature, lighting, air quality and smell

31
Q

What do these Environmental Factors have effects on (3)?

A

Comfort, Alertness, Perception

32
Q

What is Alertness?

A

The ability to be focues and awake

33
Q

What is Human error (2)?

A

Slips: result from automatic behavior when subconscious actions are intended to satisfy our goals. Mistakes: result from conscious deliberations.

34
Q

What are Physiological Factors? (6)

A

Refers to the physical aspect of the body. (Muscle Strength, Endurance, Hand/eye coordination, Visual Acuity, Range of frequencies that can be heard, Tolerance to hot/cold temperature)

35
Q

Define Physiological Factors.

A

How much can the body withstand for comfort and fatigue. When users interact with products, they may put stress on their bodies.

36
Q

What is Comfort?

A

Being free of physical pain.

37
Q

Why is Comfort important to consider and what are the considerations (2)?

A

Comfort influences the way users interact with products.

Adjustability: Different preferences = Users could choose to adjust product to fit their preference.

Pleasure: Comfortable products are pleasureable to use. Focusing on the comfort will increase user acceptance of a product.

38
Q

What is Fatigue?

A

A feeling of tiredness or weakness, which happens over time.

39
Q

Why is Fatigue important to consider, and what are the considerations (2)?

A

A) Hurting the Body:
Because fatigue happens ove rtime, it is important for desisgners to consider the impact of prolonged use of their designs on the human body. Fatigue can lead to body problems like Musculosketal disorders (MSDs).

B) Can’t Perform at Your Best: Fatigue also affects decision making and performance.

1) Performance: Designers should reduce fatigue to enable user to perform at an expected level for as long as possible.

2) Health and Safety: Fatigued users are more likely to injure themselves (a poorly designed tool handle may encourage the user to hold it unsafely)

40
Q

What is biomechanics/
biomechanical data?

A

Research and Analysis of the mechanics (operation of our muscles, joints, tendonds) of our human body.

Measures mechanics/forces of the user. (e.g. determine the strength/effort required to …)

41
Q

Why should we consider biomechanics? (2 reasons)

A

1) Develop an inclusive desig nthat takes into the physical abilities, strength and movement of the user

2) Avoid harming the user through the risk of (MSD)

42
Q

Name the 4 factors that Biomechanics consider.

A

1) Force: The amount of compression, pushing etc. that a person can exert. Related to muscle strength. (Designer should consider the amount of force required to do an action; pull a zipper. And how much force does the user group typically exert. ).

2) Repetition: Frequency the task is repeated. Task that are repeated at a high frequency can impact the body in a negative way. (E.g. works may develop MSD if they are required to repeat the task over and over again).

3) Posture: The position of the body is in; standing, sitting etc. (Important to minimize physical stress on the body, e.g. chair should be comfortable)

4) Duration: How long the task i performed.

43
Q

Symptoms of MDS (4)

A

Swelling, Pain and Discomfort, Stiffness

Design (3 decks)

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