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Biology B2 Higher > Topic 1 - Genes and enzymes > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Genes and enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What 4 things does an animal cell have ?

A
  1. Nucleus - contains the DNA
  2. Cytoplasm - Chemical reactions happen here
  3. Cell membrane - holds the cell together
  4. Mitochondria - where most of the reactions take place for respiration
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2
Q

What 7 things does a Plant cell have ?

A
  1. Nucleus - contains the DNA
  2. Cytoplasm - Chemical reactions happen here
  3. Cell membrane - holds the cell together
  4. Mitochondria - where most of the reactions take place for respiration
  5. Rigid cell wall - gives support
  6. Large vacuole - contains cell sap
  7. Chloroplasts - photosynthesis hapeens here and contains green subtance (chlororphyll)
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3
Q

What 4 things does a bacteria cell have ?

A
  1. Chromosonal DNA - controls cells activitys and replication in the cytoplasm
  2. Plasmids - extra DNA
  3. Flagellum - allows the bactrium to move
  4. Cell wall - support
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4
Q

What is the calculation to work out magnification ?

A

Length of image / length of specimen

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5
Q

What is DNA ?

A
  • a Double helix of paired bases
  • Held together by four different bases that are paired together in always the same way A&T C&G - base pairing
  • Bases are joined by weak hydrogen bonds
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6
Q

What are the four bases that hold the DNA molecule together ?

A

(A) Adenine & (T) Thymine

(C) Cytosine & (G) Guanine

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7
Q

What is a gene ?

A
  • A section of DNA
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8
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA and how did they do it ?

A
  • Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins
  • Franklin & Wilkins - Beams of x-ray onto crystalised dna and studying patterns
  • Watson & Crick - made a model using knowledge of the base pairing that A and G matched the amount and C & T matched the same amount so A&T go together and C&G go together
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9
Q

What is an enzyme ?

A
  • A biological catalyst produced by living things to speed up useful chemical reactions in our body
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10
Q

What is a catalyst ?

A

A catalyst is a substance which increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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11
Q

How do enzymes help in DNA replication?

A

Help copy a cells DNA before it divides by mitosis or meiosis

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12
Q

How do enzymes help in Protein synthesis?

A

Enzymes hold amino acids in place and forms bonds between them

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13
Q

How do enzymes help in digestion?

A

various enzymes are secreted into the gut to digest different food molecules

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14
Q

How do enzymes catalyse reactions ?

A
  • Has an active site where the substrate joins on to its substrate
  • Only works with one substrate that fit sin the active site
  • lock and key mechanism
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15
Q

What is a mutation ?

A

A chnage in the organisms DNA base sequence

Whch coukd affect the sequence of amino acids in the portein which could affect the shape of the portein and its function.

They can either be Harmful, Beneficial of Neutral

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16
Q

What is a harmful mutation ?

A

A mutation tha could cause a genetic disorder for example cystic fibrosis

17
Q

What is a Beneficial mutation ?

A

A mutation that could produce a new characteristic that is beneficial to an organism

e.g. bacteria can become resistnat to antibiotics

18
Q

What is a neutral mutation ?

A

Neither beneficial or harmful e.g. they don’t affect a proteins function

19
Q

What temperature do enzymes like and why ?

A

37 degrees celcius

More heat means more energy

Too hot and they will denature and bonds will break

20
Q

What pH do enzymes like and why ?

A

Works best at pH 7

some ezymes like pepsin work best at pH 2 - acidic conditons like in the stomach

Too high or low it will denature and chnage shape

21
Q

To get a faster reaction what do you have to do to the substrate concentraion and why ?

A

Increase the concentration as its more likely the enzyme will meet up and react with a substrate

22
Q

What is the human genome porject ?

A

Scientists from all over the world collaborate on the human genom eporject. The idea was to find every single human gene

Genes were found more quickly and data could be made public

23
Q

What are the advantages of the human genome project ?

A
  1. Predict & prevent diseases
  2. Develop better medicines
  3. Accurate diagnosis (Know the genetic cause)
  4. Improve forensic science (From DNA fingerprints find a suspect)
  5. Gene therapy (cure genetic diseases)
  6. Genetic disorders (test for mutations)
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Human genome project ?

A
  • Increased stress - knowing they had or could get a disease
  • gene-ism - poeple come under pressure not to have children
  • Discrimination - hard/impossible to get insurance
25
Q

What is genetic engineering ?

A

Enzymes are used to cut and paste genes to produce genetically modified organisms.

26
Q

How does genetic engineering work ?

A
  • A useful gene is cut out using enzymes
  • Enzymes are then used to cut another organisms chromosone and then insert the useful gene
  • E.g. Human genes can be used to make GM Bacteria
27
Q

How can genetic engneering benefit humans ?

A
  • Reducing vitaming A definciency - In south Asia and africa. Golden rice is a GM rie that contains beta carotene which is used by our bodies to make vitamin A
  • Producing Human Insulin - Human insulin gene can be put into bacteria to produce human insulin, this can treat diabetes
  • Increasing crop yield - GM crops have had their genes modified to make them resistant to herbicides
28
Q

What are the worries with genetic engineering ?

A

1.

Biology B2 Higher (3 decks)

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