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BIO104 > Topic 1 General Ecology > Flashcards

Topic 1 General Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

is a broad discipline comprising many sub-disciplines.

A common broad classification, moving from the lowest to highest complexity, where complexity is defined as the number of entities and processes in the system under study.

A

ECOLOGY

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2
Q

investigates the interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their
environment.

A

ECOLOGY

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3
Q

The 7 principles of ecology

A
  1. Nature knows best.
  2. All forms of life are equally important.
  3. Everything is connected to everything else.
  4. Everything changes.
  5. Everything must go somewhere.
  6. Ours is a finite Earth.
  7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation.
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4
Q

the comprehensive science of the
relationship of the organism to the
environment

A

Ernst Haeckel 1866

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5
Q

scientific natural history

A

Charles Elton 1927

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6
Q

“the study concerned with the distribution of
organisms”

A

Andrewarta, H.G. & Birch 1954

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7
Q

the study of the structure & function of nature

A

Eugene P. Odum 1963

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8
Q

“The scientific study of the interactions that
determine the distribution and abundance of organisms”

A

Charles J. Krebs 1972

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9
Q

“an ecosystem is a sum total of living organisms, the environment and the process of interaction between the various components of the ecosystem”

A

According to S. Mathavan

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10
Q

“The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interaction among organisms, and the interaction between organisms and flux of energy and matter.”

A

CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES

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11
Q

the study of relationships between living
organisms and their interactions with the natural or developed environment

A

ENCARTA 2009 study of organisms and the
environment

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12
Q

Components of ecology

A

People
Issues
Species
Activities
Habitat

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13
Q

HIERARCHY OF ECOLOGY

Studies focus on individuals.
* Physiological or behavioral ecology

A

Organism level

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14
Q

HIERARCHY OF ECOLOGY

Studies examine groups of conspecific organisms living in a particular area

A

Population-level

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15
Q

HIERARCHY OF ECOLOGY

Studies investigate interactions between the populations of various species in an area.

A

Community level

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16
Q

HIERARCHY OF ECOLOGY

Studies examine how a community interacts with the physical environment.

A

Ecosystem-level

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17
Q

ENVIRONMENT AND NICHE

Can withstand a variety of environmental conditions.

A

Generalists

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18
Q

ENVIRONMENT AND NICHE

Can only tolerate a narrow range.

A

Specialists

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19
Q

Describes the total potential role that an organism could fill under ideal circumstances.

A

Fundamental niche

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20
Q

describes the actual role an organism fills.
* Subset of the fundamental niche.
* Affected by competition

A

Realized niche

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21
Q

The study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size

A

Population ecology

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22
Q

Is a reproductively interactive group of individuals of a single species.
* A few individuals may migrate between populations.
* Adds gene flow
* Prevents speciation

A

Population

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23
Q

Is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population.

A

A life table

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24
Q

Is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table.

A

Survivorship curve

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25
Q

Survivorship curves can be classified into three general types:

A
  • Type I – high survival early in life indicates
    parental care of fewer offspring.
  • Type II – constant death rate over life span
  • Type III – drops sharply at start indicating high death rate for young; lots of young, no care.
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26
Q

Populations that contain multiple
cohorts exhibit ____?

A

Age
structure.

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27
Q

Species that exhibit ____ or
“big-bang” reproduction reproduce a single
time and die.

A

Semelparity

28
Q

Species that exhibit ____ or repeated
reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly over time.

A

Iteroparity

29
Q

Occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate.

A

Zero population growth

30
Q

Is population increase under idealized conditions

J-shaped curves

A

Exponential population growth

31
Q

When the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached.

S-shaped curves

A

Logistic growth model,

32
Q

Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density.
* Few, but larger offspring, parental care

A

K-selection, or density-dependent selection

33
Q

Selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction.
* Many small offspring, no parental care.

A

R-selection, or density-independent selection

34
Q

Abiotic limiting factors such as a storm or a fire are
____, their effect does not change with population density

A

Density-independent

35
Q

Biotic factors such as competition or predation or parasitism act in a ____ way – the effect does change with population density.

A

Density-dependent

36
Q

Examines the interactions among the various populations in a community.

A

Community ecology

37
Q

Beneficial for one, neutral for the other

A

Commensalism

38
Q

Beneficial for both

A

Mutualism

39
Q

A type of interaction that has a negative effect on both

A

Competition

40
Q

Occurs when only one of the
competitors incurs a cost

A

Amensalism

41
Q

Occurs when two or more species share a
limiting resource

A

Competition

42
Q

The interaction between two species in an ecosystem can often be influenced by a third species

A

Intraspecific competition, Interspecific competition

43
Q

The principle of ____ suggests that
organisms with exactly the same niche can’t co-occur.
* One will drive the other out

A

Competitive exclusion

44
Q

occurs when the species partition the resource, using
different parts of it.
* Appears as differences in morphology

A

Character displacement

45
Q

Species that exploit a resource in a similar way form a ____.

A

Guild

46
Q

Refers to an interaction where one species,
the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.

A

Predation

47
Q

camouflage makes prey difficult to spot

A

Cryptic coloration

48
Q

Warns predators to stay away from prey.

A

Aposematic coloration

49
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

50
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

51
Q

Keystone species

A

_____ are not necessarily abundant in a community.
* They exert strong control on a community by their
ecological roles, or niches

52
Q

Consists of all the organisms living in a
community as well as all the abiotic factors with which
they interact

A

An ecosystem

53
Q

An ecosystem is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period

A

Primary production

54
Q

Total primary production in an ecosystem is known as that ecosystem’s

A

Gross primary production (GPP).

55
Q

An ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period of time

A

Secondary production

56
Q

Is the percentage of production
transferred from one trophic level to the next.

A

Trophic efficiency

57
Q

Represents the number of individual organisms in each trophic level

A

Pyramid of numbers

58
Q

comprises:
* The genetic variation within a
population.
* The genetic variation
between populations

A

Genetic diversity

59
Q

Is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere.

A

Species diversity

60
Q

Identifies the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

A

Ecosystem diversity

61
Q

Is one that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout its range.

A

Endangered species

62
Q

Those that are considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

A

Threatened species

63
Q

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

A
  • Purification of air and water.
  • Detoxification and decomposition of wastes.
  • Cycling of nutrients.
  • Moderation of weather extremes.
  • And many others.
64
Q

FOUR MAJOR THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

A
  • Habitat destruction
  • Introduced species
  • Overexploitation
  • Disruption of “interaction networks
65
Q

increases local extinction and speciation.

A

Habitat fragmentation

66
Q

The largest extinction in Earth’s history

A

Permian

BIO104 (1 decks)

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