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Physics AQA > Topic 1 - Energy > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main energy stores?

A

Magnetic, thermal, chemical, kinetic, electrostatic, elastic potential, gravitational potential, nuclear.

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2
Q

What is magnetic energy store and examples?

A

Energy stored when repelling poles have been pushed together or when attracting poles have been pulled further apart. Examples: magnets, compasses.

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3
Q

What is thermal energy store and some examples?

A

Total kinetic and potential energy of the particles in an object - in hotter objects, the particles have more internal (thermal) energy and vibrate faster. Examples: human bodies, hot drinks.

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4
Q

What is chemical energy store and what are some examples?

A

The energy stored in chemical bonds during chemical reaction, such as molecules. Examples: food, muscles.

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5
Q

What is kinetic energy store and what are some examples?

A

The energy of a moving object. Examples: runners, buses.

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6
Q

What is electrostatic energy store and what are some examples?

A

Energy stored when repelling charges have been moved closer together or when attracting charges have been pulled further apart. Examples: thunderclouds, Van De Graaff generators.

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7
Q

What is elastic potential energy store and what are some examples?

A

Energy stored when an object is stretched, squashed or twisted. Examples: compressed springs, inflated balloons.

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8
Q

What is gravitational potential energy store and what are some examples?

A

The energy of an object at height. Examples: aeroplanes, kites.

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9
Q

What is nuclear energy store and what are some examples?

A

The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. Examples: uranium nuclear power,nuclear reactors.

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10
Q

What happens to the energy stores in a system when it changes?

A

There is a change in the way some of it or all of it are stored.

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11
Q

What are the energy transfers?

A

Mechanically, electrically, heating and radiation.

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12
Q

What is mechanical energy transfer?

A

A force moving an object through a distance.

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13
Q

What is electrical energy transfer?

A

Charges moving due to a potential difference.

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14
Q

What is heating energy transfer?

A

Due to temperature difference caused electrically or by chemical reaction.

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15
Q

What is radiation energy transfer?

A

Energy transferred as a wave, eg light and infrared- light radiation and infrared radiation are emitted from the sun.

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16
Q

What does the term “work” mean?

A

Energy is being transferred.

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17
Q

What does the term “dissipated” mean?

A

When wasted energy is spread out into the surroundings. For example, when electrical cables are warming up and thermal energy is dissipated.

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18
Q

What happens when energy is dissipated in a mechanical system?

A

When two surfaces rub together. Work is done against friction which causes heating.

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19
Q

How can you reduce the amount of thermal energy wasted from friction?

A

Lubrication to reduce the rubbing together.

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20
Q

What is the conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it con only be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated.

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21
Q

Work is..?

A

The measure of energy transfer when a force moves an object through a distance.

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22
Q

The amount of work done when a force acts on a body depends on what?

A

The size of the force and the distance through which the force causes the body to move in the direction of the force.

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23
Q

What is the rate at which energy is transferred?

A

Power.

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24
Q

What does it mean when a device is efficient?

A

How good it is at transferring energy input into useful energy output.

25
Q

What is the useful energy and the wasted energy from a hair dryer?

A

Useful- internal (thermal) energy heating the air and the kinetic energy from the fan that blows the air. Wasted - sound radiation, thermal energy heating the actual hairdryer and infrared radiation lost to thesurrandings.

26
Q

Energy can be transmitted by..?

A

Conduction, convection or radiation.

27
Q

What is a conductor?

A

A material that allows internal energy to be transmitted through it easily.

28
Q

What is an example of conduction?

A

When one end of a metal rod is put into a fire, the energy from the flame makes the ions in the rod vibrate faster, since the ions in the solid are closetogether, the increased vibration means that they collide with neighbouring ions more frequently, energy is passed on by these collisions, transmitting the energy.

29
Q

What increases the rate of transfer?

A

More frequent collisions.

30
Q

What is an insulator?

A

A material that will not allow the easy flow of energy.

31
Q

What is a factor that affects how energy flows through an object?

A

What the object is made from.

32
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A

A measure of how well a material conducts energy when it is heated.

33
Q

What is the method of investigating different insulating materials?

A

Place a small beaker into a larger beaker.
Fill the small beaker with hot water from a kettle.
Put a piece of cardboard over the beakers as a lid. The lid should have a hole suitable for a thermometer.
Place a thermometer into the smaller beaker through the hole.
Record the temperature of the water in the small beaker and start the stopwatch.
Record the temperature of the water every 2 minutes for 20 minutes.
Repeat steps 1-6, each time packing the space between the large beaker and small beaker with the chosen insulating material.
Such as, cotton wool or bubble wrap.
Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time (x-axis).

34
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

35
Q

What does the amount of energy needed to change temperature depend on?

A

The mass of the material, the specific heat capacity of the material and the desired temperature change.

36
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The energy required to raise 1kg of a material by 1 degree Celsius.

37
Q

What is the symbol for specific heat capacity?

A

c

38
Q

What is the method forinvestigating the specific heat capacity of a sample of a material?

A

Place the immersion heater into the central hole at the top of the block.
Place the thermometer into the smaller hole and put a couple of drops of oil into the hole to make sure the thermometer is surrounded by hot material.
Fully insulate the block by wrapping it loosely with cotton wool.
Record the temperature of the block.
Connect the heater to the power supply and turn it off after ten minutes.
After ten minutes the temperature will still rise even though the heater has been turned off and then it will begin to cool. Record the highest temperature that it reaches and calculate the temperature rise during the experiment.

39
Q

What are the main energy resources?

A

Fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydroelectricity, geothermal, tidal, water waves and the sun.

40
Q

What time of day is when most energy is needed?

A

6-9pm, early evening.

41
Q

What time of year is more heating and lighting needed?

A

Winter.

42
Q

What energy source is the most used globally to generate electricity and what is this due to?

A

Fossil fuels due to the higher output and reliability it gives compared to other energy sources such as wind and water waves, and fossil fuels are cheaper than setting up new alternatives.

43
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of nuclear fuel compared to fossil fuels?

A

Advantage- releases a large amount of energy compared to fossil fuelsand does not emit carbon dioxide unlike fossil fuels. Disadvantage - there is much radioactive waste produced which is difficult to store and dispose of.

44
Q

What does renewable mean?

A

An energy resource that is beingor can be replenished as it is used.

45
Q

How can renewable energy resources be replenished?

A

Human action- cutting down trees for biofuel are replaced by planting more trees.
Natural processes- water let through a dam for hydro electricity is replaced through the water cycle.

46
Q

What does non-renewable mean?

A

An energy resource with a finite amount, it will eventually run out when all reserves have been used up.

47
Q

What are the 3 main fossil fuels?

A

Oil, coal and natural gases.

48
Q

What are the main features of fossil fuels?

A

Energy store: chemical
Non-renewable
Uses: transport, heating, electricity generation
Power output: high
Environmental impact: releases carbon dioxide (causes global warming)

49
Q

What are the main features of nuclear fuels?

A

Energy store: nuclear
Non-renewable
Uses: electricity generation
Power output: very high
Environmental impact: radioactive waste is produced

50
Q

What are the main features of biofuel?

A

Energy store: chemical
Renewable
Uses: transport, heating, electricity generation
Power output: medium
Environmental impact: so low impact

51
Q

What are the main features of wind?

A

Energy store: kinetic
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation
Power output: very low
Environmental impact: takes up large areas that could be used for farming and visible pollution

52
Q

What are the main features of hydroelectricity?

A

Energy store: gravitational potential
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation
Power output: medium
Environmental impact: local habitats are affected by the large areas that need to be flooded to build dams.

53
Q

What are the main features of geothermal?

A

Energy store: internal
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation, heating
Power output: medium
Environmental impact: very low

54
Q

What are the main features of tides?

A

Energy store: kinetic
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation
Power output: potentially very high, but hard to harness
Environmental impact: tidal barrages can block sewage which needs to go out to sea

55
Q

What are the main features of sun?

A

Energy store: nuclear
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation, heating
Power output: dependent on the weather and only available during daylight
Environmental impact: very little

56
Q

What are the main features of water waves?

A

Energy store: kinetic
Renewable
Uses: electricity generation
Power output: low
Environmental impact: very low

57
Q

What are some renewable energy resources?

A

Biofuel, wind, hydro electricity, geothermal, tides, sun, waterwaves.

58
Q

What are some non-renewable energy resources?

A

Fossil fuels, nuclear fuels.

Physics AQA (1 decks)

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