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Biology Unit 4 > Topic 1- DNA > Flashcards

Topic 1- DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenin-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine

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2
Q

What molecular components make up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar group
Nitrogenous Base

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3
Q

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?

A

Wrapped around histones in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus

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4
Q

How is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

As free-floating circular chromosomes and as plasmids in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Nitrogenous Bases in RNA

A

Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of DNA replication?

A

Initiation: helicase unwinds DNA double helix to create replication fork. Single strand binding proteins stabilise the separated strands and primase synthesises RNA primers to provide started points for DNA polymerase.
Elongation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the RNA primer in 5’ to 3’ direction synthesising the new DNA strand. The leading strand in synthesised continuously while the lagging strand is synthesised in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) due to 5’ to 3’ direction relative to fork’s movement.
Termination: Once replication is complete, the RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA. DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

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7
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA in replication?

A

Helicase

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8
Q

What enzyme is responsible for copying the DNA?

A

DNA Polymerase

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9
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

The strand where continuous DNA replication occurs

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10
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

The strand where discontinuous DNA replication occurs

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11
Q

In which direction does DNA replication occur?

A

5’ to 3’

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12
Q

Centromere

A

Centre of chromosome

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13
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of the same chromosomes one having come from each parent

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14
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

An identical copy of the original chromosome that occurs after DNA replication

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15
Q

What is formed after meiosis I?

A

2 diploid daughter cells

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16
Q

What is formed after meiosis II?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

17
Q

What 3 processes create diversity in meiosis?

A

Independent assortment, recombination (crossing over), random fertilisation

18
Q

What is the difference in output of spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis creates 4 viable spermatozoa, oogenesis creates 1 viable ovum and 3 polar bodies

19
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA constituting the basic unit of heredity

20
Q

What molecule is created from transcription?

A

mRNA

21
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosome

22
Q

What is created from the process of translation?

A

A polypeptide Chain (protein)

23
Q

What is removed during RNA splicing?

A

Introns

24
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of copying a section of DNA into an RNA

25
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

26
Q

What type of RNA is involved in transcription?

A

tRNA

27
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same trait found in the same position on chromosomes

28
Q

What are X-linked traits?

A

Traits that are expressed from gene loci located on sex chromosomes

29
Q

What is a phenotypic ratio?

A

Predicted ratio of offspring of each phenotype

30
Q

What is a genotypic ratio?

A

Expected ratio of each genotype among the offspring

31
Q

What is polygenetic inheritance?

A

One characteristic that is controlled by two or more genes

32
Q

What type of enzymes can cut DNA for DNA manipulation?

A

Restriction endonucleases

33
Q

What type of enzyme sticks DNA together after it is cut?

A

Ligases

34
Q

What temperature should each stage of PCR be?

A

Denaturation: 94 degrees Celsius, Annealing: 52-58 degrees Celsius, Elongation: 70-80 degrees Celsius

35
Q

What are the 3 stages of PCR called?

A

Denaturation, annealing, elongation

36
Q

What is PCR?

A

A technique for amplifying a section of desired DNA

37
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

A technique of separating DNA, RNA, or proteins based on molecule size

Biology Unit 4 (2 decks)

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