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iGCSE Psychology > Topic 1 - Development > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain

A

The organ in your head is made up of nerves that process information and control behaviour.

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2
Q

Forebrain

A

The anterior part of the brain, including the hemispheres and the central brain structures.

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3
Q

Midbrain

A

The middle section of the brain, a part of the central nervous system.

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4
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lower part of the brain includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Directed towards the front, when used in relation to our biology.

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Directed towards the back, when used in relation to our biology

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

An area of the brain near the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity).

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8
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses.

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9
Q

Involuntary response

A

A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.

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10
Q

Neural connections

A

Links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking, including problem-solving, perceiving, remembering, and using language. And reasoning.

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12
Q

Operations

A

How we reason and think about things.

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

Knowing something exists even if it is out of sight.

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14
Q

Symbolic play

A

Children play using objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas.

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

Unable to see the world from any other viewpoint but one’s own.

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16
Q

Animism

A

Believing that objects that are not alive can behave as if they are alive.

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17
Q

Centration

A

Focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features.

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18
Q

Irreversibility

A

Not understanding that an action can be reversed to return to its original state.

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19
Q

Morality

A

General principles about what is right and wrong, including positive and negative behaviour.

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20
Q

Schema/schemata(s) (development)

A

Mental representations of the world are based on one’s own experiences. The plural of the word schema is ‘schemata’ through ‘schemas’ can also be used and is more common.

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21
Q

Adaptation

A

Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world.

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

When a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience.

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24
Q

Equilibrium

A

When a child’s schema can explain all that they experience; a state of mental balance.

25
Q

Subjective

A

Based on personal opinions or feelings.

26
Q

Validity

A

When the results of a study represent the situation they are testing (in real life).

27
Q

Mindset

A

A set of beliefs someone has that guide how someone responds to or interprets a situation.

28
Q

Ability

A

What someone can do, such as maths ability or the ability to play tennis. Dweck suggests ability can be seen as either fixed and innate or as able to be improved.

29
Q

Effort

A

When you try to do better using determination.

30
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable.

31
Q

Growth mindset

A

Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities.

32
Q

Working memory

A

Has different parts for processing information coming in from our senses, including visual and sound data, and also involves a decision-making part.

33
Q

Short-term memory

A

Our initial memory store that is temporary and limited.

34
Q

Rehearse

A

Repeat information over and over to make it stick

35
Q

Long-term memory

A

A memory store that holds potentially limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime.

36
Q

Motor skills

A

Actions that involve muscles and brain processes, result in movement.

37
Q

Decenteration

A

Being able to separate yourself from the world and take different views of a situation, so not being egocentric.

38
Q

Social learning

A

Learning by observing and copying others.

39
Q

Self-regulation

A

Limiting and controlling yourself without influence from others.

40
Q

Nature

A

Explanations of behaviour that focus on innate factors (the things we are born with).

41
Q

Nurture

A

Explanations of behaviour that focus on environmental factors (the things that happen to us).

42
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that is descriptive, not numbers, such as words or pictures.

43
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of an outcome or result of an investigation (a measure).

44
Q

Framework

A

A basic understanding of ideas and facts that is used when making decisions.

45
Q

Person praise

A

Someone praises the individual rather than what they are doing.

46
Q

Process praise

A

Someone praises what is being done, not the individual.

47
Q

Entity theory/motivational framework

A

A belief that behaviour or ability results from a person’s nature.

48
Q

Incremental theory/ motivational framework

A

A belief that effort drives behaviour and ability, which can change.

49
Q

Ecological validity

A

The extent to which the findings still explain the behaviour in real-life situations.

50
Q

Ethics

A

Moral principles about how someone should behave in society.

51
Q

Debrief

A

After an investigation, participants are given full disclosure of the study.

52
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which the results of a study represent the whole population, not just the sample used.

53
Q

Morals

A

Standards of right and wrong behaviour can differ between cultures and can depend on the situation.

54
Q

Moral development

A

Children’s growing understanding of right and wrong.

55
Q

Heteronomous

A

Rules put into place by others.

56
Q

Autonomous

A

Rules can be decided by the individual person.

57
Q

Norms

A

Society’s values and customs, which a person in that society would be governed by.

58
Q

Nativist theories

A

Theories that view morality as part of human nature.

iGCSE Psychology (6 decks)

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