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Bioloagy Paper2 > Topic 1 - Definitons And Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Definitons And Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

An organelle in the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes which digest the egg cell membrane.

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2
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place.

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3
Q

Define active transport.

A

The movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (against the concentration gradient) across a membrane, with the use of energy from respiration.

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4
Q

What is Benedict’s test used for?

A

A chemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.

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5
Q

What does a positive Biuret test indicate?

A

A purple colour when it is added to a solution containing protein.

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6
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

A method of measuring heat transfer during a chemical reaction.

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7
Q

What are carbohydrases?

A

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: A carbohydrate is a large molecule that is synthesized from _______.

A

simple sugars.

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9
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of all living organisms.

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10
Q

Define cell membrane.

A

A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells.

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12
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

An organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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14
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair-like structures found on ciliated epithelial cells which waft substances across the surface of the tissue in one direction.

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15
Q

What is a ciliated epithelial cell?

A

A type of epithelial cell that lines the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus.

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16
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between two areas.

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17
Q

Define denaturation in the context of enzymes.

A

The permanent change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site that prevents the binding of a substrate, upon exposure to high temperatures or extremes of pH.

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient).

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19
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (i.e. a full set of chromosomes).

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20
Q

What is an egg cell?

A

A specialised female sex cell involved in reproduction.

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21
Q

What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce an image?

A

Electron microscope.

22
Q

What is the emulsion test used for?

A

A chemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.

23
Q

Define an enzyme.

A

A biological catalyst that increases the rate of reactions in living organisms.

24
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus.

25
Q

What are flagella?

A

A long hair-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement.

26
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (i.e. half the number of chromosomes).

27
Q

What does the iodine test indicate?

A

It produces a blue/black colour when iodine solution is added to a sample containing starch.

28
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

A type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen.

29
Q

What are lipases?

A

Enzymes that break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

30
Q

Define lipid.

A

A large molecule that is synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol.

31
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis?

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.

32
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the original object.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: One micrometre is equal to _______.

A

× 10^-6 metre.

34
Q

Fill in the blank: One millimetre is equal to _______.

A

× 10^-3 metre.

35
Q

What is an organelle that is the site of respiration?

A

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

36
Q

What is a quantitative unit of length equal to 10^-9 metre?

A

Nanometre (nm)

Nanometres are commonly used to measure wavelengths of light and dimensions of atoms.

37
Q

What organelle contains the genetic material of the cell?

A

Nucleus

The nucleus controls the activities of the cell and is found in most eukaryotic cells.

38
Q

What is a specialised structure found inside a cell called?

A

Organelle

Organelles perform specific functions vital for the cell’s life.

39
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

Osmosis is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

40
Q

How is percentage change in mass calculated?

A

percentage change in mass = (final mass - initial mass) / initial mass × 100

This formula is used to determine the change in mass over a set period.

41
Q

What is a quantitative unit of length equal to 10^-12 metre?

A

Picometre (pm)

Picometres are often used in atomic and molecular measurements.

42
Q

What are loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells called?

A

Plasmid

Plasmids can carry genes that provide bacteria with genetic advantages.

43
Q

What type of cell is found in bacteria and does not contain a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells.

44
Q

What are enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids called?

A

Proteases

Proteases play key roles in digestion and protein metabolism.

45
Q

What is a large molecule that is synthesised from amino acids?

A

Protein

Proteins serve various functions, including structural, enzymatic, and regulatory roles.

46
Q

What is the speed at which reactants are converted into products known as?

A

Rate of reaction

The rate of reaction can be affected by factors like temperature and concentration.

47
Q

Define resolution in a scientific context.

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

Resolution is crucial in microscopy and imaging.

48
Q

What are the sub-cellular structures that are the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

49
Q

What is a cell that has a structure adapted to its function called?

A

Specialised cell

Examples include nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells.

50
Q

What describes the ability of an enzyme to catalyse only a particular reaction or set of reactions?

A

Specificity

Specificity ensures that enzymes only interact with specific substrates.

51
Q

What is a specialised male sex cell involved in reproduction?

A

Sperm cell

Sperm cells are designed for motility and fertilization.

52
Q

What organelle found in plant cells stores cell sap and supports the cell?

A

Vacuole

Vacuoles play a crucial role in maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells.

Bioloagy Paper2 (27 decks)

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