Topic 1 Chapter 1 - 1.1.1 - 1.1.3 - Muscular Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the three bones of the arm called?
Humerus, Radius and Ulna
What are the three bones of the leg called?
Femur, tibia and fibula
What is the technical term for the kneecap?
Patella
What are the three main bones in the hand?
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
What are the five sections of the spine called?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
What are the two bones of the shoulder called?
Clavicle and scapula
What are the three bones of the foot called?
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
What is the flat-bone on the chest called?
Sternum
What are the technical names for the skull and jaw bones?
Cranium and Mandible
What are the three joint types?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
What does Synovial Fluid do within the Synovial Joint
It reduces joint friction by lubrication and maintains joint stability
What does the Synovial Membrane do?
It encloses and secretes fluid
What is the Joint Capsule?
It’s a sleeve of tough, fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint
What is a Ligament?
A ligament is an extension of the joint capsule consisting of strong fibrous connective tissue that provides stability by joining bone to bone
What does Articular Cartilage do?
It prevents friction between bones, and cushions the ends of bones
What do Bursae do?
Prevents friction and ware
What do the Pads of Fat do?
Cushion the joint
What do Menisci do?
Help bones fit together and improve stabilisation of the joint
What are the types of bones?
Long, short, flat and irregular
What is the principle function of Long Bones?
Act as levers
What is the principle function of Short Bones?
They have strength and lightness
What is the principle function of Flat Bones?
Have large surface areas for muscle and tendon attachment and, also for protection
What is the principle function of Irregular Bones?
Some (such as Vertebrae) are for protection and other (such as the patella) increases the bodies mechanical advantage
What are the three types of Cartilage?
Hyaline (articular), White fibro and Yellow elastic cartilage
What are the features of Hyaline (Articular) Cartilage
It has a smooth, solid matrix which sits on the end of the bones, and forms the exact surfaces which are in contact and move across one another when a joint is used
What are the features of White Fibro-Cartilage
It is tough and slightly flexible and exists between vertebrae
What are the features of Yellow Elastic Cartilage
It is soft and elastic and exists in the ear lobes
What does the joint movement Abduction mean?
Movement away from the midline
What does the joint movement Adduction mean?
Movement towards the midline
What does the joint movement Flexion mean?
A bending movement
What does the joint movement Extension mean?
A straightening movement
What does the joint movement Circumduction mean?
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
What does the joint movement Horizontal Flexion mean?
When the shoulder starts in a flexed position with the arms parallel to the ground, followed by the shoulder joint moving towards the midline of the body
What does the joint movement Horizontal Extension mean?
When the shoulder joint, with the arm(s) are parallel to the ground, move away from the midline of the body
What does the joint movement Depression mean?
Movement of the shoulder downwards
What does the joint movement Elevation mean?
Movement of the shoulder upwards
What does the joint movement Plantarflexion mean?
Extending the toes thereby increasing the angle at the ankle
What does the joint movement Dorsiflexion mean?
Movement of the foot towards the shin
What does the joint movement Eversion mean?
The turning of the sole of the foot laterally outwards
What does the joint movement Inversion mean?
The turning of the sole of the foot medially inwards
What does the joint movement Pronation mean?
Rotation of the forearm medially so the hand is facing downwards
What does the joint movement Supination mean?
Rotation of the forearm laterally so the hand is facing upwards
What does the joint movement Lateral Flexion mean?
Is bending sideways
What does the joint movement Hyperextension mean?
Forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
What does the joint movement Medial Rotation mean?
Rotation towards the midline of the body
What does the joint movement Lateral Rotation mean?
Rotation away from the midline of the body
What are the six synovial joint types?
Ball and Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid (modified ball & socket), Saddle and, Gliding
What is the range of motion of a ball and socket joint?
3 axes - Flexion + Extension, Abduction + Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction
What are examples of ball and socket joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Hip: Femur, pelvis
Shoulder: Scapula, Humerus
What is the range of motion of a Hinge joint?
1 axes - Flexion + Extension
What are examples of Hinge joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Knee: Femur, Tibia
Elbow: Humerus, Radius, Ulna
What is the range of motion of a Pivot joint?
1 axes - Rotation
What are examples of Pivot joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Spine: Atlas: odontoid process of axis (turns head side to side
Elbow: Radius, Ulna and Humerus
What is the range of motion of Condyloid (modified ball and socket) joint?
2 axes - flexion + extension, Abduction + Adduction = Circumduction
What are examples of Condyloid joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Knuckles: Joint of fingers: Metacarpals, Phalanges
Wrist - radio-ulnar joint: Radius, Carpals
What is the range of motion of a Saddle joint?
2 axes - flexion + extension, Abduction + Adduction = Circumduction
What are examples of Saddle joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Joint at base of thumb: Carpals, Metacarpals
What is the range of motion of a Gliding joint?
A little movement in all directions
What are examples of Gliding joint type locations and their articulation bones?
Centre of Chest: Clavicle, Sternum
Spine: Articulating surfaces
Wrist: Carpals
Ankle: Tarsals
What are the muscles in the Quadricep Group?
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius , Vastus Medialis
What are the muscles in the Hamstring Group?
Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus
What is the technical name for the calf muscle?
Gastrocnemius
What muscles are found on the shoulder?
Anterior and Posterior Deltoid
What muscles are located on the upper arm?
Biceps Brachii and Triceps Brachii
What muscle is located on the front of the chest?
Pectorales Major
What muscle is located on the upper back and neck?
Trapezius
What is the name of the muscle located on the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
What is the muscle on the back called?
Latissimus Dorsi
What is the name of the muscle on the front of the abdomen?
Rectus Abdominus
What is the name of the muscle on the side of the abdomen?
External Abdominal Obliques
What muscles is located behind the pelvis?
Gluteus Maximus
What is the muscle on the front of the lower leg called?
Tibialis Anterior
What are antagonistic pair responsible for shoulder adduction?
Latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid
What are antagonistic pair responsible for horizontal flexion in the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
What are antagonistic pair responsible for extension in the shoulder joint?
Posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi
What are antagonistic pair responsible for extension in the arm/elbow?
Triceps brachii, anconeus (forearm)
What are antagonistic pair responsible for flexion in the arm/elbow?
Biceps brachii, Brachialis
What are antagonistic pair responsible for flexion in the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis, flexi carpi ulnaris
What are antagonistic pair responsible for extension in the wrist?
Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
What are antagonistic pair responsible for supination in the forearm?
Supinator, biceps brachii
What are antagonistic pair responsible for pronation in the forearm?
Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
What is the Agonist Muscle
It’s the prime mover
What is the Antagonist Muscle
The muscle that relaxes to allow movement of the agonist
What is the Synergist
The muscle that works to hold the body in position so that the Agonist can work, preventing unwanted movement
What is the fixator muscle?
Synergists by definition. They hold the bone of the Prime Mover’s origin in place so that there is a stable base for the movement
What is eccentric muscle contraction?
When the muscle lengthens under tension
What is concentric muscle contraction?
When the muscle shortens under tension
What is isometric muscle contraction?
When the muscle length stays the same under tension
