Topic 1: Cells as the Basis of Life

Question 1

Definition of a Cell

Answer 1

A cell refers to the smallest strutural and functional unit of living organisms. (Cells are the building blocks for life)

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Contains the cells genetic information (Control room)

Question 3

Nucleolus

Answer 3

Found in the nucleus and mainly made of protiens and ribonucleic acid. Where the ribosomes are made.

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

Made of RNA and protein. No membrane holding them together.

Question 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 5

Connected to the nucleus in certain places. Flattened, interconnected membranes.

Question 6

What are the two types of ER and define both

Answer 6

Smooth and rough ER. Smooth ER has no ribosomes and makes lipids. Rough RE has ribosomes and they process and modify proteins.

Question 7

Golgi Body

Answer 7

Made of flat membrane sacs stacked on top of each other and they are not interconnected. They proccess and package substances o form a vesicle.

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

A specific example of the packages vesicles made by the golgi body. They contain digestive enzymes which are needed to break down other substances like cellular wastes for foreign particles.

Question 9

Chloroplasts

Answer 9

Only found in plant cells. They are disk shaped and have a double membrane and their own DNA and cholorophyll. Job is to capture light energy to perform photosynthesis.

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Found in both plants and animal cells. They have double membranes and their own DNA. Job is to perfom chemical respiration. Transforms the energy into ATP. The power house cell.

Question 11

Cell Membrane

Answer 11

Job is to separate cell contrents from the outside envrionment. Holds all the organelles together and protects them. Semi permeable.

Question 12

Cell wall

Answer 12

Found in plant, fungal, and some prokaryotic cells. And external structure which surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell structural strength and protection

Question 13

Cytoplasm

Answer 13

Watery gel like fluid inside the cell membrane. Holds organelles in place and helps full up the cells volume and give it shape.

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Little protein spider webs that hold the cells in place in the cytoplasm

Question 15

Pili and flagella

Answer 15

Hair like appendages which are made of microtubules and enclosed by the cell membrane (External). They both are used to help the cell move around.

Question 16

Vacuole

Answer 16

Membrane bound vesicle which contrains fluid (Water + Sugar + Salt). It stores substances for when the cell wants to use it. Smaller and temperary in animal cells, and larger and permanent in plant cells. Turgor pressure.

Question 17

What is the Fluid mosaic model used to explain?

Answer 17

The structure and function of all cell membranes. Cell membranes are phospholipids bilayers

Question 18

Phosphate heads

Answer 18

They face the outside towards the water. They are hydrophilic (loves water)

Question 19

Lipid Tails

Answer 19

They face inside away from water. They are hydrophobic (hate water)

Question 20

What three things are within the phospholipid bilayers

Answer 20

Carbohydrates, cholesteral and protiens.

Question 21

What are the cell membranes three functions

Answer 21

Separate, regulate, and communicate.

Question 22

Separate:

Answer 22

Separates the contents of the cell from the external environments.

Question 23

Regulate: and its transports

Answer 23

Controls what substances go through the cell membrane. It is semi permeable. Pass through via passive transport or active transport

Question 24

Communicate: And parts of the cell membrane that are responsible for this :

Answer 24

Cell recongnition and communication.

Glycoproteins, glycolipids and intergral proteins.

Question 25

Eukaryotes

Answer 25

A cell is eukaryotic if it has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (Mitochondira, endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 26

Eukaryotes DNA

Answer 26

Found enclosed in the nucleus, stright and relatively large amount

Question 27

Eukaryotes - orgnaisms made of eukaryotic cells include:

Answer 27

Animals, plants, fungi and protists. They are generally multicellular

Question 28

Prokaryotes

Answer 28

A cell is prokaryotic if it does not have a nucleus, or any ohter membrane bound organelles.

Question 29

Prokaryotic DNA

Answer 29

Not enclosed in the nucleus in cytoplasm, small and circular

Question 30

Prokaryotes - Organisms made of prokaryotic cells (Examples)

Answer 30

Archaea and bacteria, only unicellular.

Question 31

How size influences permeabiltiy

Answer 31

• Permeable to small molecules, water, urea
• Impermeable to large molecules, glucose, amino acids

Question 32

Why can small molecules fit through but not large ones

Answer 32

Small molecules can fit and slip in betweent he phospholipids, whilst the larger ones cannot.

Question 33

How charge influences permeability

Answer 33

• Permable to uncharge (neutral) molecules, oxygen, carbon dioxide
• Impermeable to charged molecules (ions), potassium ions, sodium ions.

*If it is not called an ion, it is neutral

Question 34

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