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AQA GCSE Biology > Topic 1 Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 5 sub cellular structures that both plant and animal cells have.

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

What subcellular structures do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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3
Q

Purpose of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Purpose of cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reactions in the cell and contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is the purpose of a cell membrane?

A

To control what substances come in and go out of a cell

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information that controls the activities of the cell

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7
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis where proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

What is the purpose of cell walls?

A

To support the cell and strengthen it

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the vacuole?

A

Contains the cell sap, a weak sol ur ion if sugar and salts

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10
Q

What is the purpose of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis, which makes glucose for the plant. Contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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11
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells do not, instead they have strands of DNA and small rings of DNA called plasmids.

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12
Q

How are cells studied?

A

Using microscopes

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13
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscopes use light to see the specimen, electrons use electrons to see the specimen therefore have a much larger magnification and resolution

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14
Q

What is the resolution in microscopes?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points so the higher the resolution the sharper the image

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15
Q

Formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = (image size) / (real size)

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16
Q

0.017 in standard form?

A

1.7*10^-2

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17
Q

How to prepare a slide for a microscope? (Step by step)

A

1) Add a drop of water to the middle of the slide
2) cut an onion to separate into layers and use tweezers to peel off the epidermal tissues
3) using tweezers, place the epidermal tissue on the water on the slide
4) Add a drop of iodine solution
5) place a cover slip on top

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18
Q

How to use a light microscope (step by step)

A

1) Clip slide onto the stage
2) Select lowest power objective lens
3) Use coarse adjustment knob to move the stage just below the lens
4) Look at the eyepiece and adjust the height until roughly in focus
5) Use fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image
6) Repeat for higher power lens

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19
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell goes through to become specialised for its job.

20
Q

When do most organisms differentiate?

A

At an early stage

21
Q

5 main examples of specialised cells?

A
  • Sperm cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Root hair cells
  • Phloem and Xylem
22
Q

What are sperm cells specialised for? How?

A

Reproduction, to get the male dna to the female dna. It has a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim, enzymes on the head to digest through the egg cell, lots of mitochondria to provide the energy to swim.

23
Q

What are nerve cells specialised for? How?

A

Nerve cells are specialised for rapid signalling. They are used to carry electrical signals from one part to another. They are specialised because they are long and have branched connections at their ends to form a network around the body.

24
Q

What are muscle cells specialised for? How?

A

They are specialised to contract quickly. They are specialised because they are long which allows space for contraction and contain a lot of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction.

25
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for? How?

A

Root hair cells are specialised to absorb water and nutrients. They are specialised because they have a large surface area for absorbing nutrients and water.

26
Q

What are phloem and xylem cells specialised for? How?

A

Phloem and xylem cells are specialised for transporting food and water around the plant. They are specialised because they form phloem and xylem tubes which are hollow and have very few sub-cellular structures so more things can pass through them

27
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Chromosomes contain genetic information.

28
Q

Where can chromosomes be found?

A

In the nucleus of the cell as coiled up lengths of DNA molecules.

29
Q

What chromosomes have and what are they used for?

A

Chromosomes carry a lot of genes which controls the development of characteristics such as hair colour.

30
Q

How many types of chromosomes are there?

A

There are 23 types of chromosomes

31
Q

Where do these chromosomes come from?

A

Each body cell normally has two of each type of chromosome, one from the “mother” and one from the “father”

32
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle makes new cells for growth, development and repair.

33
Q

What happens at the end of the cell cycle?

A

At the end of the cell cycle, mitosis happens which results in two new identical sister cells.

34
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Growth and DNA replication

- Mitosis

35
Q

What are the steps of growth and DNA replication in the cell cycle?

A

1) DNA is spread out in long strings
2) Before division, cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
3) Duplicates DNA to form X-shaped chromosomes

36
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

1) DNA is spread out in long strings
2) Before division, the amount sub cellular structures increase
3) The DNA duplicates to form X shaped chromosomes
4) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and get pulled apart by cell fibers
5) Membranes form around the new sets of chromosomes
6) Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

37
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Prokaryotic cells replicate by binary fission, where the cell splits in two to form two identical daughter cells.

38
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A

1) The plasmids replicate
2) The cell gets bigger and the plasmid strands move to opposite ends of the cell
3) Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walks begin to form
4) The cytoplasms divide and two daughter cells are formed.

39
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

Embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell

40
Q

What is differentiation

A

Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

41
Q

What are undifferentiated cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells are stem cells which can divide into more undifferentiated cells which then differentiate into different types of cells.

42
Q

Pros to stem cell research

A
  • Replace faulty cells in sick people
  • Insulin producing cells to aid diabetes
  • Nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries
43
Q

Against stem cell research

A
  • Some people are against stem cell research because the embryos are each potential human life
  • (Some people think that curing existing patients who are suffering are more important than embryo rights)
  • (Embryos used in stem cell research are usually unwanted ones which were going to be destroyed anyways)
  • Campaigners think that scientists should fine new ways to produce stem cells
44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The gradual movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water particles from w region of high water concentration to a region of low concentration

46
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of substances to be absorbed against the concentration gradient through the use of an atp protein to move substances using chemical energy.

AQA GCSE Biology (1 decks)

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