Topic 1: Cells

Question 1

A ___ is the smallest unit of living thing.

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

A living thing, whether made of one or many cells, is called an ____.

Answer 2

organism

Question 3

___ are the basic building blocks of all organisms.

Answer 3

cells

Question 4

Several cells of one kind that interconnect with each other and performed a shared function form ____.

Answer 4

tissues

Question 5

Several tissues combine to form an ____.

Answer 5

organ

Question 5

Several organs make up ____ that function together to form an ____.

Answer 5

organ systems; organism

Question 6

Cells are grouped into one of two broad categories: (2)

Answer 6

1. prokaryotic
2. eukaryotic

Question 7

Both animal and plant cells are classified as ____.

Answer 7

eukaryotic cells

Question 8

Bacterial cells are classified as ____.

Answer 8

prokaryotic cells

Question 9

____ cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within.

Answer 9

epithelial

Question 10

Cells of the ____ fight invading bacteria.

Answer 10

immune system

Question 11

_____ carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.

Answer 11

blood and blood cells

Question 12

Despite the limitations of his (____) now-ancient lenses, he observed the movements of ____ (a type of single-celled organism) and ____, which he collectively termed as ____.

Answer 12

Antony van Leeuwenhoek; protista; sperm; animalcules

Question 13

____ coined the term ____ for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.

Answer 13

Robert Hook; cell

Question 14

By the late 1830s, botanist _____ and zoologist ____ were studying tissues and proposed the ____.

Answer 14

Matthias Schleiden; Theodor Schwann; unified cell theory

Question 15

The cell theory states that: (3)

Answer 15

1. all living things are composed of one or more cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of life
3. new cells arise from existing cells

Question 16

____ later made important contributions to the cell theory.

Answer 16

Rudolf Virchow

Question 17

Rudolf Virchow famously dispelled the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that ____.

Answer 17

living things do not come from nothing

Question 17

Omnis cellula e cellula means ____.

Answer 17

all cells only arise from pre-existing cells

Question 18

The generally accepted portions of the modern Cell Theory are as follows: (3)

Answer 18

1. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
2. all organisms are made up of one or more cells
3. cells are from other cells through cellular division

Question 19

The expanded version of the cell theory can also include: (3)

Answer 19

1. cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division
2. all cells are essentially the same in chemical composition
3. energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells

Question 20

Each cell is surrounded by a ____ and contains parts called ____.

Answer 20

membrane; cellular organelles

Question 21

The ____ is a double- layer of phospholipids with associated proteins and other molecules. It is essentially the “bag” that holds all of the intracellular material and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Answer 21

plasma membrane or cell membrane

Question 22

This is the gel-like fluid that the cell is filled with, and is inside the plasma membrane. It is where all of the cellular organelles suspended within.

Answer 22

cytoplasm

Question 23

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which has a cytoskeleton, prokaryotic cells such as the rod-shaped bacteria and archaea possess ____ that function similarly to the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. This scaffolding provides structural support to the cell and plays a role in cell division.

Answer 23

cytoskeletal proteins

Question 24

A similarity to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that they have multiple ____ within. These are the tiny protein-making machines that carry out the genetic instructions of the cell.

Answer 24

ribosomes

Question 25

a. In replacement of the nucleus, prokaryotic cell has the _____ which is the region of the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the genome—the main genetic material (DNA) of the cell and typically have a single, circular chromosome.

Answer 25

nucleoid

Question 26

A ____ is a non-essential piece of DNA that confers an advantage to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence (the ability to cause disease).

Answer 26

plasmid

Question 27

The ____ is a layer outside of the cell wall, and present in some bacteria.

Answer 27

glycocalyx

Question 28

There are two types of glycocalyces which are the ___ and ____.

Answer 28

slime layers; capsules

Question 29

____ help bacteria stick to things and protect them from drying out, particularly in hypertonic environments.

Answer 29

slime layers

Question 30

____ allow bacteria to stick to things, but have the added benefit of helping encapsulated bacteria hide from the host's immune system.

Answer 30

capsules

Question 31

These are long whip-like extensions that help bacteria move about the environment.

Answer 31

flagella

Question 32

These are also flagella but are wrapped around corkscrew-shaped bacteria and move in waves making the bacteria spin.

Answer 32

endoflagella (axial filaments)

Question 33

True or False Animal cells are generally BIGGER than plant cells and come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes.

Answer 33

False Animal cells are generally SMALLER than plant cells and come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes.

Question 33

Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a ____. Instead, multicellular animals have other structures that provide support to their tissues and organs, such as ___ and ___.

Answer 33

cell wall; skeleton and cartilage

Question 34

Animal cells also contain structures such as _____ that are not typically found in plant cells. (4)

Answer 34

centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella

Question 35

The ____ contains all the genetic material called DNA in a cell. DNA contains all the instructions for making proteins, which control all of the body’s activities. It is like the manager’s office of the cell, having individual parts.

Answer 35

nucleus

Question 36

This is a double membrane enclosing the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum . It is perforated by pores which permit the entry and exit of some molecules.

Answer 36

nuclear envelope

Question 37

It is a non-membranous structure involved in the synthesis of ribosomes. It is within the nucleus and the nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

Answer 37

nucleolus

Question 38

It is a material consisting of DNA and proteins, and is visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.

Answer 38

chromatin

Question 39

These are organelles that are like mini machines that synthesize all the proteins in the cell, and form the manufacturing department of the cell. It is free in the cell’s cytoplasm or bound to the rough ER or nuclear envelope.

Answer 39

ribosomes

Question 40

The ____ is a network of flattened, membrane- bound sacs and tubes that are involved in the production, processing, and transport of proteins that have been synthesized by ribosomes. It is like the assembly line of the cell, where the products produced by the ribosomes are processed and assembled.

Answer 40

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 41

The ____ has ribosomes attached to the surface of the sacs and is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch.

Answer 41

rough ER

Question 42

The ____ does not have ribosomes attached and is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.

Answer 42

smooth ER

Question 43

The ____ receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins into vesicles. It is like the shipping department of the cell, as it packages proteins up for delivery to their destinations. It is an organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products.

Answer 43

golgi apparatus/golgi complex/golgi body

Question 44

These are specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and are used extensively within the cell for metabolism and transport of large molecules that cannot cross the membrane unaided. These enzymes can break down large molecules like organelles, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller units so that the cell can reuse them. Therefore, they are like the waste disposal/recycling department of the cell.

Answer 44

lysosomes

Question 45

These are the energy-producing organelles, commonly known as “the powerhouse of the cell.” This is where the process of cellular respiration happens. During this process, sugars and fats are broken down through a series of chemical reactions, releasing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 45

mitochondria

Question 46

It is the gel-like liquid contained within cells. The cytosol and all the organelles within it, except for the nucleus. Its cytosol consists primarily of water, but also contains ions, proteins, and small molecules, with a pH level of 7.

Answer 46

cytoplasm

Question 47

The ____ is a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It gives the cell shape, provides strength, stabilizes tissues, anchors organelles within the cell, and has a role in cell signaling. It also provides mechanical support to allow cells to move and divide. There are three types of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Answer 47

cytoskeleton

Question 48

The ____ surrounds the entire cell and separates its components from the outer environment. It is a double layer made up of phospholipids (called the phospholipid bilayer) and is selectively permeable, meaning it only allows certain molecules to enter and exit. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through easily, while larger or charged molecules must go through special channels, bind to receptors, or be engulfed.

Answer 48

cell membrane

Question 49

It is the organelle with various specialized metabolic functions and produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, the converts it to water.

Answer 49

peroxisome

Question 50

These are projections that increase the cell’s surface area.

Answer 50

microvilli

Question 51

This is the region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated and it contains a pair of centrioles.

Answer 51

centrosome

Question 52

It is the motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

Answer 52

flagellum

Question 53

Plant cells are differentiated from the animal cells by their ____. (3)

Answer 53

cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

Question 54

Plants are considered ____ because they produce their own food and do not have to consume any other organisms.

Answer 54

autotrophic

Question 55

Specifically, plant cells are _____ because they use light energy from the sun to produce glucose.

Answer 55

photoautotrophic

Question 56

Plant cells store water in the central vacuole, which expands the vacuole into the sides of the cell. The cell wall then pushes against the walls of other cells, creating a force known as ____.

Answer 56

turgor pressure

Question 57

These are specialized disk-shaped organelles surrounded by a double membrane which is found only in plants and some types of algae. These organelles carry out the process of photosynthesis, which turns water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into nutrients from which the plant can obtain energy.

Answer 57

chloroplasts

Question 58

It is a fluid matrix at the center of the chloroplast that is enclosed by the double membrane.

Answer 58

stroma

Question 59

These are flattened disks within the stroma, and when stacked, is called grand. They have a high concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are pigments that capture light energy from the sun.

Answer 59

thylakoids

Question 60

A ____ is a small sphere of plasma membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other molecules.

Answer 60

vacuole

Question 61

It is a layer found on the outside of the plant cell that gives it strength and also maintains high turgidity. In plants, it contains mainly cellulose, along with other molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignins, unlike bacterial cell wall which contains peptidoglycan.

Answer 61

cell wall

Question 62

____ is a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell.

Answer 62

primary cell wall

Question 63

____ is a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature.

Answer 63

secondary cell wall

Question 64

____ are cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

Answer 64

plasmodesmata