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BIO107 Cell and Molecular > Topic 1: Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

A ___ is the smallest unit of living thing.

A

cell

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2
Q

A living thing, whether made of one or many cells, is called an ____.

A

organism

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3
Q

___ are the basic building blocks of all organisms.

A

cells

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4
Q

Several cells of one kind that interconnect with each other and performed a shared function form ____.

A

tissues

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5
Q

Several tissues combine to form an ____.

A

organ

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5
Q

Several organs make up ____ that function together to form an ____.

A

organ systems; organism

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6
Q

Cells are grouped into one of two broad categories: (2)

A
  1. prokaryotic
  2. eukaryotic
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7
Q

Both animal and plant cells are classified as ____.

A

eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

Bacterial cells are classified as ____.

A

prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

____ cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within.

A

epithelial

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10
Q

Cells of the ____ fight invading bacteria.

A

immune system

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11
Q

_____ carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.

A

blood and blood cells

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12
Q

Despite the limitations of his (____) now-ancient lenses, he observed the movements of ____ (a type of single-celled organism) and ____, which he collectively termed as ____.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek; protista; sperm; animalcules

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13
Q

____ coined the term ____ for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.

A

Robert Hook; cell

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14
Q

By the late 1830s, botanist _____ and zoologist ____ were studying tissues and proposed the ____.

A

Matthias Schleiden; Theodor Schwann; unified cell theory

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15
Q

The cell theory states that: (3)

A
  1. all living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. new cells arise from existing cells
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16
Q

____ later made important contributions to the cell theory.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

Rudolf Virchow famously dispelled the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that ____.

A

living things do not come from nothing

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17
Q

Omnis cellula e cellula means ____.

A

all cells only arise from pre-existing cells

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18
Q

The generally accepted portions of the modern Cell Theory are as follows: (3)

A
  1. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
  2. all organisms are made up of one or more cells
  3. cells are from other cells through cellular division
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19
Q

The expanded version of the cell theory can also include: (3)

A
  1. cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division
  2. all cells are essentially the same in chemical composition
  3. energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
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20
Q

Each cell is surrounded by a ____ and contains parts called ____.

A

membrane; cellular organelles

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21
Q

The ____ is a double- layer of phospholipids with associated proteins and other molecules. It is essentially the “bag” that holds all of the intracellular material and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

A

plasma membrane or cell membrane

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22
Q

This is the gel-like fluid that the cell is filled with, and is inside the plasma membrane. It is where all of the cellular organelles suspended within.

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which has a cytoskeleton, prokaryotic cells such as the rod-shaped bacteria and archaea possess ____ that function similarly to the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. This scaffolding provides structural support to the cell and plays a role in cell division.

A

cytoskeletal proteins

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24
Q

A similarity to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that they have multiple ____ within. These are the tiny protein-making machines that carry out the genetic instructions of the cell.

A

ribosomes

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25
Q

a. In replacement of the nucleus, prokaryotic cell has the _____ which is the region of the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the genome—the main genetic material (DNA) of the cell and typically have a single, circular chromosome.

A

nucleoid

26
Q

A ____ is a non-essential piece of DNA that confers an advantage to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence (the ability to cause disease).

A

plasmid

27
Q

The ____ is a layer outside of the cell wall, and present in some bacteria.

A

glycocalyx

28
Q

There are two types of glycocalyces which are the ___ and ____.

A

slime layers; capsules

29
Q

____ help bacteria stick to things and protect them from drying out, particularly in hypertonic environments.

A

slime layers

30
Q

____ allow bacteria to stick to things, but have the added benefit of helping encapsulated bacteria hide from the host’s immune system.

A

capsules

31
Q

These are long whip-like extensions that help bacteria move about the environment.

A

flagella

32
Q

These are also flagella but are wrapped around corkscrew-shaped bacteria and move in waves making the bacteria spin.

A

endoflagella (axial filaments)

33
Q

True or False
Animal cells are generally BIGGER than plant cells and come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes.

A

False
Animal cells are generally SMALLER than plant cells and come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes.

33
Q

Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a ____. Instead, multicellular animals have other structures that provide support to their tissues and organs, such as ___ and ___.

A

cell wall; skeleton and cartilage

34
Q

Animal cells also contain structures such as _____ that are not typically found in plant cells. (4)

A

centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella

35
Q

The ____ contains all the genetic material called DNA in a cell. DNA contains all the instructions for making proteins, which control all of the body’s activities. It is like the manager’s office of the cell, having individual parts.

A

nucleus

36
Q

This is a double membrane enclosing the nucleus and is continuous
with the endoplasmic reticulum . It is perforated by pores which permit the entry and exit of some molecules.

A

nuclear envelope

37
Q

It is a non-membranous structure involved in the synthesis of ribosomes. It is within the nucleus and the nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

A

nucleolus

38
Q

It is a material consisting of DNA and proteins, and is visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.

A

chromatin

39
Q

These are organelles that are like mini machines that synthesize all the proteins in the cell, and form the manufacturing department of the cell. It is free in the cell’s cytoplasm or bound to the rough ER or nuclear envelope.

A

ribosomes

40
Q

The ____ is a network of flattened, membrane- bound sacs and tubes that are involved in the production, processing, and transport of proteins that have been synthesized by ribosomes. It is like the assembly line of the cell, where the products produced by the ribosomes are processed and assembled.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

41
Q

The ____ has ribosomes attached to the surface of the sacs and is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch.

A

rough ER

42
Q

The ____ does not have ribosomes attached and is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.

A

smooth ER

43
Q

The ____ receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins into vesicles. It is like the shipping department of the cell, as it packages proteins up for delivery to their destinations. It is an organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products.

A

golgi apparatus/golgi complex/golgi body

44
Q

These are specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and are used extensively within the cell for metabolism and transport of large molecules that cannot cross the membrane unaided. These enzymes can break down large molecules like organelles, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller units so that the cell can reuse them. Therefore, they are like the waste disposal/recycling department of the cell.

A

lysosomes

45
Q

These are the energy-producing organelles, commonly known as “the powerhouse of the cell.” This is where the process of cellular respiration happens. During this process, sugars and fats are broken down through a series of chemical reactions, releasing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

mitochondria

46
Q

It is the gel-like liquid contained within cells. The cytosol and all the organelles within it, except for the nucleus. Its cytosol consists primarily of water, but also contains ions, proteins, and small molecules, with a pH level of 7.

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

The ____ is a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It gives the cell shape, provides strength, stabilizes tissues, anchors organelles within the cell, and has a role in cell signaling. It also provides mechanical support to allow cells to move and divide. There are three types of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

A

cytoskeleton

48
Q

The ____ surrounds the entire cell and separates its components from the outer environment. It is a double layer made up of phospholipids (called
the phospholipid bilayer) and is selectively permeable, meaning it only allows certain molecules to enter and exit. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through easily, while larger or charged molecules must go through special channels, bind to receptors, or be engulfed.

A

cell membrane

49
Q

It is the organelle with various specialized metabolic functions and produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, the converts it to water.

A

peroxisome

50
Q

These are projections that increase the cell’s surface area.

A

microvilli

51
Q

This is the region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated and it contains a pair of centrioles.

A

centrosome

52
Q

It is the motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

A

flagellum

53
Q

Plant cells are differentiated from the animal cells by their ____. (3)

A

cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

54
Q

Plants are considered ____ because they produce their own food and do not have to consume any other organisms.

A

autotrophic

55
Q

Specifically, plant cells are _____ because they use light energy from the sun to produce glucose.

A

photoautotrophic

56
Q

Plant cells store water in the central vacuole, which expands the vacuole into the sides of the cell. The cell wall then pushes against the walls of other cells, creating a force known as ____.

A

turgor pressure

57
Q

These are specialized disk-shaped organelles surrounded by a double membrane which is found only in plants and some types of algae. These organelles carry out the process of photosynthesis, which turns water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into nutrients from which the plant can obtain energy.

A

chloroplasts

58
Q

It is a fluid matrix at the center of the chloroplast that is enclosed by the double membrane.

A

stroma

59
Q

These are flattened disks within the stroma, and when stacked, is called grand. They have a high concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are pigments that capture light energy from the sun.

A

thylakoids

60
Q

A ____ is a small sphere of plasma membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other molecules.

A

vacuole

61
Q

It is a layer found on the outside of the plant cell that gives it strength and also maintains high turgidity. In plants, it contains mainly cellulose, along with other molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignins, unlike bacterial cell wall which
contains peptidoglycan.

A

cell wall

62
Q

____ is a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell.

A

primary cell wall

63
Q

____ is a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature.

A

secondary cell wall

64
Q

____ are cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

A

plasmodesmata

BIO107 Cell and Molecular (4 decks)

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