Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many nm in 1 micrometer?

A

There are 1000 nanometers in a micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the calculation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Size of Image / Size of the Object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer or separate entities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the calculation for object size?

A

Object Size = Size of Image / Magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 main parts of an animal cell?

A

Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, and the Cell Membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 8 main parts of a plant cell?

A

The Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Chloroplasts, Vacuole, and the Cell Wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which 5 main parts are shared by both animal and plant cells?

A

Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, and the Cell Membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To control the activity of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria are where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast is where light energy is absorbed and changed into food by photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

The ribosome is where proteins are made (synthesized).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

The cell wall strengthens the cell and is made of cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

The vacuole is full of cell sap and maintains the shape of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is where most reactions take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and many other organelles. They are larger and have a more complicated structure as well as multiple linear chromosomes. Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells are the most ancient type of cells. They are much smaller and simpler than the eukaryotic cells. They reproduce quickly and contain no nucleus, but they have many ribosomes, and a nucleoid region holds the DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have?

A

They both contain DNA, ribosomes and a plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define the Order of Magnitude.

A

The orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons between numbers or objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you show the order of magnitude?

A

You show the order of magnitude by using the powers of 10, so if one cell or organelle is 10 times bigger than another, it is ‘an order of magnitude’ bigger or 10^1. If it is approximately 100 times bigger, it is two orders of magnitude bigger, or 10^2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the rules for working out the order of magnitude?

A

If the bigger number divided by the smaller number is less than 10, then they are the same order of magnitude.

If the bigger number divided by the smaller number is around 10, then it is 10^1, or an order of magnitude bigger.

If the bigger number divided by the smaller number is around 100, then it is two orders of magnitude or 10^2 bigger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is a sperm cell specialized for its function?

A

Sperm cells are specialized for reproduction. The cells have a long tail and a streamlined head to help it to swim to the egg. Furthermore, there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed. It also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg’s cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is a nerve cell specialized for its function?

A

Nerve cells are specialized for rapid signaling. The cell’s function is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another. The cells are long (so as to cover more distance), and the have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body.

24
Q

How is a muscle cell specialized for its function?

A

Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. The function of a muscle cell is to contract quickly. These cells are long (meaning that they have space to contract and contain lots of mitochondria, to generate the energy needed for contraction.

25
Q

How is a root hair cell specialized for its function?

A

Root hair cells are specialized for absorbing water and minerals. Root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots, which grow into long ‘hairs’ that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing mineral ions and water from the soil.

26
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells specialized for their function?

A

Phloem and Xylem cells are specialized for transporting substances. Phloem and xylem cells form phloem and xylem tubes, which transport substances such as food and water around plants. To form tubes, the cells are long and joined from end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the center and phloem calls have very few subcellular structures so that substances can flow through them.

27
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Diffusion = Particles moving from a place of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It can only happen to liquids and gasses and is a passive process (meaning it does not require any energy).

28
Q

Define a high concentration gradient.

A

A high concentration gradient is where there is a larger difference in concentrations, and diffusion happens quickly.

29
Q

Define a low concentration gradient.

A

A low concentration gradient is where there is a smaller difference in concentrations, and diffusion happens slowly.

30
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher WATER concentration to a region of lower WATER concentration.

31
Q

Define a Hypotonic Solution

A

the cell has a higher concentration in it than in the area surrounding it. Water moves into the cell to equal out concentration.

32
Q

Define an Isotonic Solution

A

An Isotonic solution is where the concentration of water is the same as inside the cell.

33
Q

Define a Hypertonic Solution

A

The concentration of the cell is less than outside of the cell. Water moves out of the cell to try to even out the concentration.

34
Q

What will happen to a plant cell placed in a Hypotonic solution?

A

Plant cells placed in hypotonic solution (pure water) will become TURGID

Water moves from a high water concentration outside the cell to a low water concentration inside of the cell

The presence of the plant cell wall prevents it from bursting

35
Q

What will happen to a plant cell placed in an Isotonic solution?

A

Plant cells placed in isotonic solution (dilute sugar solution) will STAY THE SAME

No osmosis takes place

36
Q

What will happen to a plant cell placed in a Hypertonic solution?

A

Plant cells placed in hypertonic solution (concentrated sugar solution) will become PLASMOLYSED

Tissues with many plasmolysed cells become FLACCID

Water moves from a high water concentration inside the cell to a low water concentration outside of the cell

37
Q

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a Hypotonic solution?

A

Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will BURST

Water moves from a high water concentration outside the cell to a low water concentration inside of the cell

38
Q

What will happen to an animal cell placed in an Isotonic solution?

A

Plant cells placed in an isotonic solution will STAY THE SAME

No osmosis takes place

39
Q

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a Hypertonic solution?

A

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will SHRINK

Water moves from a high water concentration inside the cell to a low water concentration outside of the cell

40
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration (going against the concentration gradient)

41
Q

Light Microscopes use…?

A

Light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it. They let us see individual cells and large subcellular structures.

42
Q

Electron Microsocopes use…?

A

Electrons instead of light to form an image. They have a much higher resolution and magnification than a light microscope. They let us see much smaller things in more detail, like the internal structures if mitochondria and chloroplasts. Even smaller structures like ribosomes and plasmids.

43
Q

Microscopy RP?

A

Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
(IF USING AN ONION) Separate the onion into layers, and use tweezers to pull off some epidermal tissue from one of the layers.
Place the specimen onto the water on the slide
Add a drop of iodine solution to stain the specimen
Place a cover-slip on top, trying not to get any air bubbles trapped.
Clip the slide onto the stage
Select the lowest-powered objective lens
Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up and down until it is roughly in focus.
Adjust the focus even more with the fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image
Then swap to a higher-powered magnification lens and refocus.
Draw your findings

44
Q

Differentiation is…?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job by developing different sub-cellular structures and turning into a different type of cell.

45
Q

Most differentiation occurs as an…?

A

organism develops. In most animal calls, the ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage, after they become specialised. However, lots of plant cells don’t ever lose this ability.

46
Q

Cells that are undifferentiated are called…?

A

Stem cells

47
Q

Chromosomes contain…?

A

Genetic information.

48
Q

Chromosomes are…?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA. Each chromosome carries a large number of genes which control the different characteristics.
Body cells normally have two copies of each chromosome, one from the mother and one from the father.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell.

49
Q

Describe the Growth and DNA replication part of the Cell cycle

A

Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the number of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
It then duplicates its DNA - so there’s one copy for each new cell. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes

50
Q

Describe Mitosis

A

Once the cell has grown and its contents and DNA copied, the cell undergoes mitosis…

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to the opposite ends of the cell

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - nucleus has divided

Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, producing two daughter cells containing the exact same DNA.

51
Q

Describe binary fission

A

The division process of prokaryotic cells
The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to the opposite poles of the cell
The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall begins to form
The cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells are produced

52
Q

Culturing Microorganisms RP

A

Place paper discs soaked in antibiotics on an agar plate that has an even covering of bacteria.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to grow on the agar around the paper discs but non-resistant strains will die. The inhibition zone around the paper discs is where the bacteria have died.

Ensure you flame the neck of the bottle, as well as sterilising every piece of equipment.

53
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to perfom their function?

A

They have a thin membrane = short distance
Large surface area = lots can diffuse at once
Animals have lots of blood vessels to get substances in and out of the blood quickly
Gas exchange in animals are often ventilated

54
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the lungs and how are they adapted?

A

The Lungs transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from it
To do this the lungs contain millions of air sacs called the alveoli
The alveoli are specialised:
Enormous surface area
A moist lining
Very thin walls
A good blood supply

55
Q

How do the gills in a fish exchange gasses

A

Water enters through the mouth and passes out through the gills. As this happens, oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood in the gills and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water
Each gill is made from lots of thin plates called gill filaments, which give a big surface area for the exchange of gasses.
The gill filaments are covered in lots of structures called lamellae which increase the surface area even more
The lamellae also have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion
They also have a thin layer of cells to minimise the distance the gasses have to diffuse

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions