TOPIC 1 - CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards
What are Eukaryotic cells?
-Plant / Animal cells
-Genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
What are Prokaryotic cells?
-Bacterial cells
-Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
What are the main features of a prokaryotic cell?
-Genetic material in the form of a single loop of DNA or Plasmids
-Much smaller than eukaryotic
-cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall
What does “centi” mean?
1/100th
What does “milli” mean?
1/1000th
What does “micro” mean?
1/ 1 000 000th
What does “nano” mean?
1/ 1 BILLION(th)
What does “order of magnitude” mean?
1 order of magnitude mean 10x
What do animal and plant cells contain?
Nucleus- contains genetic material
Cytoplasm- watery solution where chemical reaction occur
Cell membrane- controls the molecules that can enter and exit the cell
Mitochondria- where aerobic respiration takes place
Ribosomes- where protein is synthesis
What do plant cells only contain?
-Chloroplasts (made up of chlorophyll) where photosynthesis takes place
-Cell wall (made up of cellulose) strengthens the cell
-Vacuole contain cell cap and gives the plant shape
How are sperm cells specialized?
-Enzymes at the tip to digest
-Nucleus contain half of the genetic information
-long tail/ stream lined
-lots of mitochondria
How are nerve cells specialized?
-Axon - carries electrical impulses
-Myelin- insulates and speeds up impulses
-Synapses-junctions to allow impulses travel from one cell to another
Dendrites- large SA to connect easily with other nerve cells
How are muscle cells specialised?
-can contract because contain protein fibres
-LOTS of mitochondria
How are root hair cells specialised?
-Large surface area
-Contain NO chloroplasts
How are phloem cells specialized?
-no nucleus/ limited cytoplasm
-sieve plates to allow dissolved sugars to pass through
-mitochondria in companion cells to provide energy
How are xylem cells specialised?
-thick walls containing lignin
-end walls have broken down for easy passage
-NO nucleus/cytoplasm/vacuole/chloroplasts
What are the differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes?
Light microscope: Cheap/ shows in colour/ Only the outline not the organelles/ lower resolution
Electron microscope: higher resolution/ black and white/ expensive/ show organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes
Magnification?
Magnification= Image size/Actual size
What are chromosome?
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules. Carries large number of genes.
Usually found in pairs..
How many chromosomes do DIPLOID CELLS have?
23 pairs of chromosomes.
How many chromosomes do GAMETES CELLS have?
Only 23 chromosomes (half)
What is the 3 main steps of the cell cycle?
- CELL REPLICATION
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