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Paper 1 - Biology > Topic 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of particles of any substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

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2
Q

what are some examples of substance transported in and out of the cells by diffusion

A
  • oxygen and co2 in gas exchange
  • waste product from urea from cells into the blood plasma for excreation in the kidney
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3
Q

what are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • difference in concentration(concentration gradient)
  • the temperature
  • surface area of membrane
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4
Q

how does a difference in concentration affect diffusion rate

A

the bigger the concentration (difference) the faster the diffusion rate

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5
Q

how does the temperature affect the diffusion rate

A

the higher the temperature the faster the diffusion rate as the particles have more energy and move quicker

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6
Q

how does the surface area of the membrane affect the diffusion rate

A

the larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion as more particles can pass through

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7
Q

how are lungs in mammals adapted to exchange materials

A
  • the lungs contain millions of little air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place
  • the alveoli have an enormous surface area, moist lining for dissolving gases, very thin walls and a good blood supply
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8
Q

how are gills in fish adapted to exchange materials

A
  • large surface area for gas exchange
  • the lamellae have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion and increase the SA too
  • thin surface layer of cells to minimise distance of diffusion
  • concentration of oxygen in water is higher than the blood so as much 02 diffuses into blood as possible
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9
Q

how are the small intestines adapted to exchange materials

A
  • inside the small intestine is covered in millions of villi, they increase the sa massively so digested food is absorbed more quickly into the blood
  • single layer of cells, good blood supply for quick absorption
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10
Q

how are root hair cells adapted for exchanging materials

A

each branch of a root will be covered in millions of root hair cells which gives it a large sa to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil quicker

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11
Q

how have leaves adapted to exchanging materials

A
  • co2 diffuses into the cells, the leaf is adapted for this to easily happen
  • the flat shape increases the areas so it is more effective
  • the underneath of the leaf is and exchange surface, it is covered by little stomata which co2 diffuses in through and oxygen diffuses out
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12
Q

why are multi cellular organisms surfaces and organ systems specialised for exchanging materials

A

to allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organisms needs

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13
Q

how is the effectiveness of an exchange surface increased

A
  • having a large sa
  • a membrane that is thin, provides short diffusion path
    In ANIMALS:
  • have an effective blood supply
  • being ventilated for gaseous exchange
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14
Q

what is the aim of the osmosis required practical

A

investigate how the concentration of solution surrounding a potato chip affects the rate of osmosis into or out of the potato

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15
Q

what is the DV,IV and CV of the osmosis required practical

A

DV- mass of potato
IV- concenctration of solution
CV- all other variables eg time, temp

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16
Q

what errors can occur in osmosis RP

A
  • if potato not fully dried would affect the mass
  • water may evaporate so volume changed
    (reduce theses errors by repeating and find mean)
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17
Q

how do you calculate the percentage change in mass

A

change in mass/initial mass x100

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18
Q

what happens if there is and increase in mass of potato (RP)

A

will give a positive change

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19
Q

what happens if there is a decrease in mass of potato (RP)

A

will give a negative change

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20
Q

how do you estimate the concentration of solution inside the potato cells from a graph

A

the point where the line crosses the x axis

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21
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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22
Q

what is the method to investigate different concentration of solution on osmosis in a potato(RP)

A
  1. cut up the potato into identical cyclinders and get some beakers with different salt or sugar solutions. one should be pure wate and one very concentrated(eg 1 mol/dm, 0.6, 0.4,0.2, water)
  2. dry the cylinder and measure the mass. leave one cyclinder in each beaker for 24 hours
  3. take them out, dry them with a paper towle and measure the mass again
  4. if the cylinders have drawn in water by osmosis they have increased in mass.if the cylinders have drawn water out, they have decreased in mass
  5. calculate the percentage change in mass then plot graphs
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23
Q

what is active transport

A
  • moves substances from a more dilute solution to as more concentrate solution against a concentration gradient
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24
Q

what does active transport require

A

energy from respiration

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25
Q

what is an example of active transport in plants

A

allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plants root hairs from a very dilute solution in the soil. pant requires ions for healthy growth

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26
Q

what is an example of active transport in humans

A

allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration. sugar molecules are used for cell respiration

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27
Q

what does the sa:v have to do with exchanging substances

A

how easy it s to exchange substances with the environment is due to the sa:v

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28
Q

how do you calculate the sa

A

area of each face added together

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29
Q

how do you calculate the volume

A

length x width x height

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30
Q

what is the sa:v in a small object? what does this mean about diffusion?

A
  • relatively large sa:v
  • shorter diffusion distance
  • simple diffusion is suffiecient
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31
Q

what is the sa:v in a large object? what does this mean about diffusion?

A
  • smaller sa:v
  • longer diffusion distnace
  • simple diffusion is not suffiecient
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32
Q

how are exchange substances adapted to maximise effectiveness

A
  • having a large surface area so lots of substances diffuse at once
  • thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
  • efficient blood supply/vessels to more stuff into and out the blood quickly
  • ventillated to make gas exchange more effiecient
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33
Q

what is differentiation

A

process of which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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34
Q

what happens as cells change(differentaitaion)

A

they develop different subcellular structures and turn into a different type of cell which allows them to carry out specific functions

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35
Q

when is the ability of differentiation lost in
a) plant cells
b) animal cells

A

a) NEVER LOST
B) LOST AT AN EARLY AGE

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36
Q

in mature animals what is cell division restricted to

A

repair and replacment

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37
Q

how is a sperm cells specialised for reproduction

A
  • long tail and streamlined head to swim
  • lots of mitochondria for the energy needed
  • carries enzymes in its head to digest through egg
38
Q

how are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling

A
  • long and branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells throughout the body(network) and cover more distance
39
Q

how are muscle cells specialised for contracting quickly

A
  • long so have space to contract
  • contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction
40
Q

how are root hair cells specialised to absorb water and minerals

A
  • grow long hairs that stick out which gives them a bigger sa to absorb more water and mineral ions from the soil
41
Q

how is the phloem and xylem cells specialised for transporting substances

A
  • long and joined end to end to form tubes
  • xylem cells are hollow
  • phloem cells have very few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through them
  • transport substances like food and water around plants
42
Q

what sub cellular structure are found in bacteria (8)

A
  • slime capsules
  • cytoplasm
  • flagella
  • plasmids
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • ribosmes
  • genetic merials
43
Q

what sub cellular structures are found in plant cells (8)

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • cyctoplasm
  • nucleus
  • vacuaole
  • mitochondria
  • ribsomes
  • chloroplasts
44
Q

what are the sub cellular structures in a animal cell (8)

A
  • cytoplasm
  • ribsomes
  • cell membrane
  • nuclues
  • vacoule
  • mirochanodria
  • ribosmes
  • chlorplasts
45
Q

what are types of eukaryotic cells

A

plant and animals cells

46
Q

what is an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

47
Q

what is the nucleus

A

controls all activity of cell and contains the gentic material

48
Q

what is the cystoplasm

A

liquid gel which organelles are suspended, where most chemical reactions take place

49
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

controls substances passing in and out of the cell aswell as movemnet of substances

50
Q

what are mitochondria

A

where aerobic respiration takes place, releases energy from the cell

51
Q

what are plasmids

A

small rings of dna

52
Q

what are ribsomes

A

where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins

53
Q

what is the cell wall

A

strengthen the cell and give it support, made of cellulose

54
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

contain a green substance called chorphyll. absorbes light for photosynthesis so plant can make food

55
Q

what are permanent vacuoles

A

space in cytoplasm filled with cell sap. keeps the cells rigid to support the plant

56
Q

what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • larger and more complicated
  • membrane bound nucleus and organelles
  • single celled or multicellular
  • animal and plant cells
  • fungi and protsita
57
Q

what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • simplest and most ancient cell
  • smaller than eukatyotes
  • no nuclues or membrane bound organelles
  • single celled/ only bacteria
  • cell wall does not contain celluslose
58
Q

what is the formula for magnifictaion

A

image size/ actual size

59
Q

what is the formula for image size

A

actual size x magnification

60
Q

what is the formula triangle for image size, actual size, and magnisfication

A

I
A x M

61
Q

how do light microscopes work

A
  • shine a beam of light through specimen
  • cheap
  • can be used anywhere and analyse live samples
  • magnify up to 2000x
  • resolving power 200nm
62
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A
  • use beams of electrons
    -very expensive
  • magnify 2,000,000x
  • resolving power between 0.2-10nm
  • requires special conditions and complex techniques
  • can see smaller things in more detail
63
Q

what is magnification

A

how many time larger an object is compared to its original size

64
Q

what is resolving powere

A

ability to distinguish the difference between 2 separate points
- higher resolution means more detail seen

65
Q

what do you times m by to get mm? mm to get Micrometer? micrometer to get nm?

A

x 1000
number should get bigger the smaller the unit

66
Q

what do you divide nm to get micrometres? micrometres to get mm? mm to get m?

A

/1000
number should get smaller the bigger the units

67
Q

why is an electron microscope better than a light one (to do with magnification and resolution)

A

electron microscopes have a much higher magnification and resolving power. this means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. tis has enabled biologist to see more sub cellular structures

68
Q

how do you calculate the field of view

A

original magnification/ new magnification
x originals field of view

69
Q

how do you calculate the length of a cell

A

field of view/number of cells

70
Q

how do you calculate the total magnification

A

eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

71
Q

what are the 7 main parts of a light microscope

A
  • eye piece
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • slide
  • coarse adjustment knob
  • find adjustment knob
  • light
72
Q

how do you prepare a slide to view on a microscope (RP)

A
  1. add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
  2. place the sample in the water in the slide using tweezers
  3. add a drop of iodine solution. it will stain/ highlight the objects in a cell
  4. place a cover slip on top(stand cover upright next to specimen then tilt and lower- do not get air bubbles underneath it)
73
Q

how do you look at your slide on a microscope (RP)

A
  1. clip the slide onto the stage
  2. select the lowest objective lens(lowest magnification)
  3. use the coarse adjustment knob to move stage up to just below objective lens
  4. look down eyepiece- use coarse adjustment knob to move stage until image is roughly in focus
  5. adjust focus with the fine adjustment knob until there is a clear image
  6. swap to a higher powered lens to see the slide with greater magnification
74
Q

how should you present your findings from the microscope (RP)

A
  • draw what you see with a pencil
  • drawn with clear unbroken lines
  • do not include any shading or colouring
  • subcellular structures should be drawn in proportion
  • include the title, magnification, label important features
75
Q

what is repeatable

A

if the original experimenter repeats the investigation using same method, equipment and obtain the same results

76
Q

what is reproducible

A

if the investigation is repeated by another person or using different equipment or technique and same results obtained

77
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation

78
Q

why are stem cells from embryos good

A

stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most types of human cells

79
Q

why are bone marrow stem cells good

A

stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells, including blood cells

80
Q

why are stem cells from meristems good

A

meristem tissues in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant

81
Q

how can stem cells help with medical treatments

A

treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis(make insulin producing cells and nerve cells)

82
Q

what happens in therapeutic cloning

A

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

83
Q

why are embryonic stem cells good for medical treatment

A
  • stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patients body so they may be used for medical treatments
84
Q

what are the disadvantages of using stem cells

A
  • could transfer viral infection
  • ethical or religious objections
  • embryos shouldn’t be used as each one is a potential human life
85
Q

what are the advantages of using stem cells

A
  • the embryos are usually unwanted ones, left over from fertility clinics
  • curing patients who already exit and are suffering is more important
86
Q

what are the advantages of using meristem stem cells

A
  • can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically
  • rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction
  • crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce a large number of identical plants
87
Q

what is the cell cycle

A
  • when cells divide
    the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells
88
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. before the cell can divide, it needs to grow and increase the number of sub cellular structures eg. ribosomes and mitochondria. the DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosomes
  2. in mitosis, one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
    3.finally, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form 2 identical cells
89
Q

what is cell division by mitosis important for

A

the growth and development of multicellular orgainsms

90
Q
A

Paper 1 - Biology (3 decks)

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