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IB Biology > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. Living organisms are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the smallest unit of independent life
  3. cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Exceptions to the cell theory

A

Striated Muscle - composed of fused cells that are multi-nucleated
Giant Algae - unicellular organisms that are very large in size
Aseptate hyphae - lack of partitioning and have a continuous cytoplasm

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3
Q

functions of life

A

metabolism, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, and growth

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4
Q

rate of metabolism equation

A

cell mass / volume

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5
Q

rate of material exchange

A

function of a cells surface area

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6
Q

Magnification Equation

A

Magnification = image/size

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7
Q

how do cells organize themselves

A

cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> systems

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8
Q

Stem cells

A

uni-specialised cells that have two qualities:
- self renewal: they can continuously divide and replicate
- potency: they have the capacity to differentiate

generated by one’s own body

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9
Q

Stem Cell Therapy

A

replaces damaged or diseased cells with healthy ones

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10
Q

process of stem cell therapy

A
  1. harvest stem cells from appropriate sources
  2. use biochemical solutions to trigger cell differentiation
  3. surgically implant new cells into patient’s own tissue
  4. suppressing the host immune system to prevent rejection
  5. monitoring new cells to ensure they do not become cancerous
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11
Q

Differentiation

A

differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in the cell genome
activation of different genes within a cell will cause it to develop differently from other cells

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12
Q

active genes (eukaryotic cells)

A

are loosely packed as euchromatin

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13
Q

inactive genes (eukaryotic cells)

A

are packed tight as heterochromatin

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14
Q

Stargardt’s disease

A

macular degeneration, and can be treated by replacing defective retinal cells with stem cells

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15
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

death of nerve tissue, and can be treated by replacing damaged nerve cells with stem cells

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16
Q

Lukemia

A

cancer of the blood, can be treated by replacing bone marrow with stem cells

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17
Q

prokaryotic cell structure

A
  • organisms that lack a nucleus
  • have a singular DNA molecule (genophore)
    peptidoglycan cell wall and 70S ribosome
    -Pili (attachment or bacterial conjunction)
  • Flagella (long whip like tail for movement)
  • Plasmids (autonomous DNA molecules
18
Q

Bacterial Cell Division

A

Asexual reproduction (binary fusion)
- circular DNA is copied
- DNA loops attach to the membrane
- Cell elongates, separating the loops
- cytokinesis occurs to form two cells

19
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • Prokaryote: DNA is naked and circular, Usually no introns, no nucleus, 70S ribosomes, reproduces via binary vision, single chromosome, smaller than eukaryotes

Eukaryote: DNA is bound to protein, DNA is linear, Usually contains introns, has a nucleus, 80S ribosomes, reproduces via mitosis and meiosis, paired chromosomes, larger than a prokaryote

20
Q

organelles in Eukaryotic cells

A
  • 80S ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis (translation)
  • Nucleus: stores genetic information (site of transcription)
  • Mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration (ATP production
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports material between organelles
  • Golgi complex: sorts, stores, modifies, and exports secretory products
  • centromeres: involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis
21
Q

what organelle is only found in eukaryotic plant cells

A

chloroplasts: cite of photosynthesis

22
Q

what organelle is only found in eukaryotic animal cells

A

lysosomes: breakdown of macro molecules

23
Q

phospholipid bilayers

A

structure of phospholipids:
- polar heads (glycerol and phosphate)
- consist of two non polar tails (fatty acids)
- head is hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic
multiple phospholipids come together to form a bilayer, where the head is facing the outside and the tails face inwards

23
Q

Cell membranes

A

enclose the contents of a cell allowing for control of internal cellular conditions (homeostasis), composed of phospholipids and proteins
- semi permeable membranes: some materials cannot cross without assistance
- selectivity: cells can regulate the passage of certain materials

24
Q

Membrane protein functions

A

junction, enzymes, transport, recognition, anchorage, and transduction

25
Q

Draw the fluid mosaic model

A

things within the model
- phospholipids
- integral proteins
- cholesterol
- peripheral protein
- glycoprotein

26
Q

function of the fluid mosaic model

A

explains various characteristics regarding the structure of cell membranes

27
Q

passive transport

A

along the gradient, no ATP expenditure

28
Q

active transport

A

against concentration gradient, ATP is required

29
Q

Two types of passive transport

A
  • Simple diffusion: net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
  • facilitated diffusion: passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein (carrier/channel protein)
30
Q

active transport

A

uses ATP to move molecules against a concentration gradient
- molecule binds to a transmembrane protein pump, hydrolysis of ATP causes conformational change translocating the molecule across the membrane

31
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration (diffusion of free water molecules)

32
Q

osmolarity

A

measure of solute concentration which can be measured as:
- hypertonic: high solute concentration (gains water)
- hypotonic: low solute concentration (loses water)
- same solute concentration (no net flow)

33
Q

biogenesis experiment

A
  • broth was boiled to kill organisms
  • control group: flask neck was kept on, and there was no growth; condensation seals the flask and no growth occurred
  • experimental group: flask neck was broken, break exposed contaminants. growth occurred
  • conclusion: cells only arise from pre-existing cells
34
Q

law of biogenesis

A

demonstrated by Louis Pasteur
- broths were stored in sealed vessels that were sterilized
- bacterial growth occurred if vessel was unsealed, but did not occur if vessel stayed sealed

35
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase: DNA is uncondensed, replicated (s phase) to form genetically identical sister chromatids, and cell grows in size
  2. Prophase: DNA supercoils, Nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to poles and spindle fibers are made
  3. Metaphase: centrosome spindle fibers attach to centromere of each chromosome, spindle contracts moving chromosomes to cell centre, chromosomes form a line along the equator
  4. Anaphase: spindle fibers continue to contract, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides and are regarded as two separate chromosomes
  5. telophase: chromosomes de-condense, nuclear membranes form around two identical chromosome sets
    cytokinesis occurs
  6. Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division occurs to divide the cell into two daughter cells
    each daughter cell contains one copy of each identical sister chromatid
    daughter cells are genetically identical
36
Q

cell cycle

A

interphase: G1, s phase, and G2 stages
M phase: period of the cell cycle in which the cell and contents divide - PMAT and cytokinesis

37
Q

things that occur in interphase

A

DNA replication, Organelle duplication, cell growth, transcription/translation, obtaining nutrients, cellular respiration

38
Q

mitotic index equation

A

mitotic index = cells in mitosis/total number of cells

measure of proliferative status of a cell population

39
Q

Cyclins

A

proteins that control progression of the cell cycle
- cyclins bind to the cyclin dependent kinases
- activated complex phosphorylates proteins involved in specific cell cycle events
- after the event has occurred, the cyclin is degraded and the cyclin dependent kinase is rendured inactive

40
Q

What is cancer/how does it develop

A

cancer are diseases caused by uncontrolled cell division resulting in abnormal cell growth (tumors)
- benign: tumors that remain in their original location
- Malignant: tumors that spread and invade neighboring tissues

mutagens: agents that change genetic material of cells
Genetics: most cancers are caused by mutations of genes

41
Q

Cell death occurs through two ways

A

Necrosis:
- cell loses functional control due to injury, toxins, etc
- destabilization of the membranes, leading to swelling
- cells burst and releases its contents causing inflammation

Apoptosis:
- controlled event triggered by mitochondrial proteins
- cell contents are packaged into membranous protrusions
- cell fragments into apopotic bodies which are recycled

IB Biology (1 decks)

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