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Biology > Topic 1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

Key Terms/Key Knowledge

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1
Q

Define Active transport

A

The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) with the use of energy from respiration.

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2
Q

Define Cell differentiation

A

The process where a cell becomes specialised to its function.

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3
Q

Define Cell membrane

A

A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell.

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4
Q

Define Cell wall

A

An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells.

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5
Q

Define Chloroplast

A

An organelle which is the site of photosynthesis.

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6
Q

Define Chromosomes

A

DNA structures that are found in the nucleus which are made up of genes.

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7
Q

Define Concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two areas.

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8
Q

Define Diffusion

A

The spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.

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9
Q

Define Embryonic stem cell

A

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into most types of human cells.

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10
Q

Define Eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus.

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11
Q

Define Magnification

A

How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object.

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12
Q

Define Meristematic cells

A

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any type of plant cell.

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13
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

An organelle which is the site of respiration.

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14
Q

Define Mitosis

A

A type of cell division which produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.

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15
Q

Define Nucleus

A

An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities of the cell.

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16
Q

Define Organelle

A

A specialised structure found inside a cell.

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17
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

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18
Q

Define Plasmid

A

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

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19
Q

Define Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell found in bacteria that does not contain a nucleus.

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20
Q

Define Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen.

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21
Q

Define Specialised cells

A

Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function.

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22
Q

Define Stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce many specialised cells of the same type.

23
Q

Define Surface area

A

The amount of contact an object has with its environment.

24
Q

Define Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

A

The size of the object compared with the amount of area where it contacts its environment.

25
Q

Define The cell cycle

A

A series of stages preparing the cell for division.

26
Q

Define Therapeutic cloning

A

Producing an embryo that has the same genes as a patient.

27
Q

Define Vacuole

A

An organelle that stores cell sap.

28
Q

What are 2 types of cells

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

29
Q

What is difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller and have no nucleus. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are more complex.

30
Q

What do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus

A

A single circular strand of DNA which floats freely in the cytoplasm. Some may also have one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.

31
Q

When does most differentiation occur

A

As an organism develops. Ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage in humans but not plants.

32
Q

What is differentiation in mature animals mainly used for

A

Repairing and replacing cells e.g. skin and blood cells

33
Q

What are sperm cells specialised for

A

Reproduction

34
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell

A

To get the Male DNA to the Female DNA.

35
Q

List 4 ways sperm cells are adapted to its function

A

-Long tail for swimming
-Streamlined head to help swim
-Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
-Carries enzymes in the head to digest through egg cell membrane.

36
Q

What are nerve cells specialised for

A

Rapid signalling

37
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell

A

To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

38
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for their function

A

Long - to cover more distance
Branched connections at the ends - to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body.

39
Q

What are muscle cells specialised for

A

Contraction

40
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell

A

To contract quickly

41
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for their function

A

Long cells- space to contract
Lots of mitochondria- to generate energy needed for contraction.

42
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for

A

Absorbing water and minerals

43
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function

A

Long hairs- Big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions fromm the soil.

44
Q

What are root hair cells

A

They are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long hairs that stick out in the soil.

45
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell and what is the movement of water called

A

Transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves. The movement through the xylem and out the leaves is called the transpiration stream.

46
Q

What is the function of a phloem cell and what process does it do

A

Transporting food (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The transport goes in both directions which is called translocation.

47
Q

What are xylem cells made up of

A

They are made up of dead cells and strengthened with lignin.

48
Q

What are phloem cells made up of

A

They are made up of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls allowing cell sap to flow through.

49
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found

A

In the bone marrow in the femur.

50
Q

How is therapeutic cloning used for medicine

A

Stem cells taken from the embryo to replace faulty cells in the patient can be used since it won’t reject their body with the same genes.

51
Q

What is an advantage of stem cell research

A

Embryos used for reserach are usually unwanted ones from fertility clinics and are used instead of destroyed.

52
Q

List 3 ethical issues of stem cell research

A
  • Human embryos are a potential life
  • Embryos cannot consent to research
  • Curing patients that exist is more important than rights of embryos
53
Q

Where are plant stem cells found

A

In the meristem

54
Q

List 3 advantages of plant cloning

A

-Produced quickly and cheaply
-Grow rare species to prevent extinction
-Grow desired features of plants for farmers crops.e.g. disease resistance.

Biology (7 decks)

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