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bio > topic 1: cell biology > Flashcards

topic 1: cell biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory principles

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of life
  • cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that take place in a cell

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3
Q

response

A

respond to stimuli, such as light and temperature

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

keeps a stable internal environment (cell conditions)

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5
Q

growth

A

grow/change in size

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6
Q

reproduction

A

asexual/sexual

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7
Q

excretion

A

the removal of metabolic waste, such as salt and co2

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8
Q

striated skeletal muscle

A

challenges idea that cells have 1 nucleus (multinucleated)

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9
Q

aseptate fungal hyphae

A

challenges the idea that cells are a single unit

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10
Q

giant algae (acetabularia)

A

challenges idea that cells are small

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11
Q

magnification

A

size of image divided by actual size of object

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12
Q

actual size of object

A

size of image divided by magnification

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13
Q

large SA:V ratio

A

cell can act more efficiently

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14
Q

benefits of SA:V

A

diffusion pathways are shorter and concentration gradients are easier to generate

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15
Q

total surface area

A

height x width x number of sides x boxes

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16
Q

total volume

A

height x width x length x boxes

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17
Q

SA:V ratio

A

surface area divided by volume

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18
Q

emergent properties

A

arise from the interactions of component parts of complex structures

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19
Q

stem cells

A

are specialised cells that can continuously divide and replicate and can differentiate into special cell types

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20
Q

prokaryotes

A

circular and naked DNA found in the nucleoid, 70s ribosome size, no membrane organelles present, peptidoglycan in the cell wall. reproduce by binary fission

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21
Q

eukaryotes

A

linear DNA that is associated with proteins found in the nucleus, 80s ribosome size, membrane organelles present, cellulose in the cell wall.

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22
Q

amphipathetic

A

molecule that possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements, found in the phospholipids of biological membranes

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23
Q

phospholipid molecules

A

contain polar phosphate heads and non-polar lipid tails

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24
Q

integral proteins

A

permanently attached to the membrane and are typically transmembrane

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25
Q

peripheral proteins

A

temporarily attached and associate with one surface of the cell membrane

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26
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with ogliosaccaride chain attached. important for cell recognition by the immune system.

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27
Q

cholesterol

A

makes the phospholipids pack more tightly and regulates the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane

28
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails usually behave as a liquid. Hydrophilic phosphate heads act more like a solid

29
Q

diffusion

A

movement of liquids and gases from high to low concentration down the partially permeable membrane

30
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane

31
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses a channel protein to a assist with transportation of polar molecules from high to low concentration

32
Q

osmotic control

A

pass through the plasma membrane from an area of low solute (high water) concentration to high solute (low water) concentration.
prevents damage to cells and tissues

33
Q

pumps

A

transport larger polar substances or ions using a carrier protein

34
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

cycle of sodium ions being pumped out of the membrane and potassium ions being pumped in. this uses 1 ATP

35
Q

integral protein pumps

A

uses the energy from hydrolysis of ATP to move ions or large molecules across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient

36
Q

vesicles

A

carry proteins produced by ribosomes on the rER to the Golgi apparatus where they are prepared for export from the cell via another vesicle

37
Q

endocytosis

A

taking in of external substances by inward pouching of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle- without crossing the membrane

38
Q

exocytosis

A

the release of substances from a cell when a vesicle joins with the plasma membrane- without crossing the membrane

39
Q

muler and Urey experiment

A

recreated conditions of the early earth to demonstrate chemical evolution.

40
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

explains the existence of several organelles of eukaryotes.

41
Q

when is mitosis required

A

growth, asexual reproduction, tissue repair, embryonic development

42
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events through with cells pass to divide and create two identical daughter cells

43
Q

growth & mitosis

A

increases in size by increasing number of cells

44
Q

asexual reproduction & mitosis

A

eukaryotic organisms reproduce asexually

45
Q

tissue repair & mitosis

A

damaged tissue can recover by replacing damaged cells

46
Q

embryonic development & mitosis

A

a fertilised egg undergoes mitosis to develop into an embryo

47
Q

interphase

A

consists of the parts of the cell cycle that don’t involve cell division

48
Q

G1

A

increases volume of cytoplasm, growth, organelles produced, proteins synthesised, normal activity of the cell

49
Q

S (synthesis)

A

DNA is replicated

50
Q

G2

A

preparation for mitosis, more growth

51
Q

functions of cells during interphase

A

metabolic reactions, protein synthesis, organelle numbers are increased, DNA is replicated

52
Q

centrioles

A

organise spindle microtubules

53
Q

centromere

A

part of the chromosome that links sister chromatids

54
Q

sister chromatids

A

duplicated chromosomes attached by a centromere

55
Q

prophase

A

the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibres begin to form between them. DNA supercoils and chromatin condenses and becomes sister chromatids. The nuclear membrane is broken down and disappears

56
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres from each of the two centrosomes attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Contraction of the microtubule spindle fibres cause the sister chromatid to line up along the centre (equator) of the cell

57
Q

anaphase

A

continued contraction of the microtubule spindle fibres cause the separation of the sister chromatids. the chromatids are now referred to as chromosomes. chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

58
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles. microtubule spindle fibres disappear. New nuclear membranes re-form around each set of chromosomes. the chromosomes uncoil and de-condense to chromatin

59
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

60
Q

cytokinesis in animals cells

A

a ring of contractile protein inside the plasma membrane at the equator pulls the plasma membrane inwards. the inward pull on the plasma membrane produces the characteristic cleavage furrow. When the cleavage furrow reaches the centre of the cell, it is pinched apart to from 2 daughter cells

61
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

membrane enclosed vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus migrate to the centre of the cell. vesicles fuse to form tubular structures. the tubular structures merge to form 2 layers of the plasma membrane. the cell plate continues to develop until it connects with the existing cells plasma membrane. This completes the division of the cytoplasm and the formation of 2 daughter cells. Vesicles deposit, by exocytosis, pectins and other substances in the lumen between daughter cells to form the middle lamella. both daughter cells secrete cellulose to form their new adjoining cell walls

62
Q

cyclins

A

are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle

63
Q

mutation

A

a change in an organisms genetic code. A mutation of a certain gene can cause cancer

64
Q

mutagen

A

are agents that cause gene mutations. not all mutations result in cancers, but anything that causes a mutation has the potential to cause cancer

65
Q

factors that increase the probability of tumour development

A
  • vast number of cells in a human body
  • the longer life span the greater chance of mutation

bio (3 decks)

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