Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

bacterial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

animal and plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 animal subcellular structures?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 8 plant subcellular structures?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes + cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

it contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm?

A

this is where most of the chemical reactions happen which are controlled by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

where aerobic respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

where protein is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the cell wall?

A

supports the cell and strengthens it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of the permanent vacuole?

A

it contain cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is smaller, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do light microscopes do?

A

they use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

it uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. the electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?

A

Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes and let us see smaller things in more detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size/real size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

19
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

20
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.

21
Q

How are sperm cells in animals adapted to their functions?

A

tail - enables movement
mitochondria - provide energy for tail movement
haploid nucleus - contains genetic information.

22
Q

How are nerve cells in animals adapted to their functions?

A

long axon - allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system
dendrites - from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands

23
Q

How are muscle cells in animals adapted to their functions?

A

arrangement of protein filaments - allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction
mitochondria - to provide energy for muscle contraction

24
Q

How are root hair cells in plants adapted to their functions?

A

large surface area - to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil
thin walls - do not restrict water absorption

25
Q

How are xylem cells in plants adapted to their functions?

A

no upper or lower margins between cells - to provide a continuous route for the water to flow
thick woody side walls - strengthen their structure and prevent collapse

26
Q

How are phloem cells in plants adapted to their functions?

A

sieve plates - let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem
companion cells - provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem

27
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body

28
Q

At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate?

A

early in their life cycle

29
Q

For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?

A

throughout their entire life cycle

30
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

A

repair and replacement of cells

31
Q

What changes does a cell go through as it differentiates?

A

becomes specialised through acquisition of different sub-cellular structures to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell

32
Q

What is magnification?

A

the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object

33
Q

What is resolution?

A

the smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

34
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

A
  • inexpensive
  • easy to use
  • portable
  • observe both dead and living specimens
35
Q

What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

limited resolution

36
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

37
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • greater magnification

- greater resolution

38
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

they use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light.

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • expensive
  • large so less portable
  • require training to use
  • only dead specimens can be observed
40
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission (simple cell division)

41
Q

How often do bacteria multiply?

A

once every 20 minutes if enough nutrients are available and the temperature is suitable

42
Q

What are two ways bacteria can be grown?

A
  • nutrient broth solution

- colonies on an agar gel plate

43
Q

What nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution?

A

all nutrients required for bacteria to grow including nitrogen for protein synthesis, carbohydrates for energy and other minerals.

44
Q

What are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for?

A

investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions