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topic 1 - life style, health and risk > topic 1 booklet info > Flashcards

topic 1 booklet info Flashcards

1
Q

define hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

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2
Q

define hydrophobic

A

repelled by water

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3
Q

which side of the heart is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?

A

right- deoxygenated left- oxygenatd

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4
Q

starting from outside to in label the 4 key structures of an artery

A

1-collagen fibers
2-muscle and elastin
3-endothelium
4-narrow central lumen

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5
Q

summaries step 1 of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole

atrial contraction begins

both atrial ventricular valves are open

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6
Q

summaries step 2 of the cardiac cycle

A

atria eject blood into the ventricles

filling the ventricles

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7
Q

summaries step 3 of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole ends

the atrial ventricular valves close

ventricles now contain maximum blood volume

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8
Q

summaries step 4 of the cardiac cycle

A

ventricular systole begins

  • muscle cells develop tension- but do not contract

pressure in the ventricle rises

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9
Q

summaries step 5 of the cardiac cycle

A

semi-lunar valves open

ventricular muscles contract.

and shorten blood flow into the aorta

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10
Q

summaries step 6 of the cardiac vascular cycle

A

ventricular pressure falls

semilunar valves close

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11
Q

summaries step 7 of the cardiac cycle

A

ventricular diastole

ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure

all heart valves close and ventricles relax

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12
Q

summaries step 8 of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial pressure is higher then ventricular pressure

atrial ventricular valves open .

passive ventricular filling cycle ends.

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13
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

a build up of fats, cholesterol and calcium in arteries.

specific disease depends on which arteries is affected.

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14
Q

list 3 symptoms of stroke

A

face may drop
slurred speech
blurred vision

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15
Q

list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease (angina)

A

breathlessness
nausea
tight heavy chest

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16
Q

list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease ( myocardial infarction)

A

feeling weak or light headed
chest pain
shortness of breath

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17
Q

what is the first step of blood clotting?

A

platelets stick to damaged wall of blood vessel

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18
Q

what is the second step of blood clotting?

A

platelets stick to damaged wall and to each other, forming a platelet plug

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19
Q

what is the third step of blood clotting?

A

fibrin mesh traps blood cells, forming a clot.

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20
Q

where does atherosclerosis usually form plaque inside?

A

the arteries

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21
Q

in atherosclerosis the plaque begins to form after damage to…..?

A

endothelium cells

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22
Q

in atherosclerosis endothelium cells may be damaged due to…..?

A

blood flowing quickly under high pressure

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23
Q

the plaque formed in atherosclerosis consists of …..?

A

fatty deposits

24
Q

why do scientists often set up a null hypothesis before carrying out an investigation?

A

statistics cannot prove something is always right so instead we focus on saying something isn’t right

25
Q

what are the two types of studies that epidemiologists may use to identify risk?

A

cohort studies and case control

26
Q

what is a cohort study?

A

where a group of people are followed over a long period of time to see if they develop the disease.

27
Q

what is the case control type of study?

A

where a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who do not have the disease.

28
Q

name 3 ways to ensure reliable data?

A
  • having a hypothesis
  • lots of participants
  • control variables
29
Q

name three risk factors associated with CVD?

A

high blood cholesterol
inactivity
obesity

30
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a single molecule which can be joined together

31
Q

what is a polymer?

A

long chains of repeated molecules joined by bonds

32
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a single sugar unit

33
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two single sugar units joint by glyosidic bond

34
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

more the two single sugar units joined together by a glyosidic bond

35
Q

what is the structure and chemical properties of the glucose molecule ?

A

sweet, small, soluble, crystalline, monosaccharide.

36
Q

structure and chemical properties of of starch?

A

insoluble polysaccharide formed from two glucose polymers: branched amylopectin with 1,4 and 1,6 glyosidic links and helical amylose with 1,4 glyosidic bonds only

37
Q

name the structure and chemical properties of maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

38
Q

name the structure chemical properties of of a sucrose molecule?

A

sweet, soluble, crystalline disaccharide formed by condensation reaction between glucose and fructosee.

39
Q

name the structure and chemical properties of a glycogen molecule?

A

big insoluble bond- can be used as a storage for for energy and can be broken down to make energy. Alpha glucose

40
Q

what is the chemical reaction that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?

A

condensation reaction

41
Q

what is the name of the bond that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?

A

covalent bond

42
Q

name the reaction that would split an ester bond to release a fatty acid ?

A

hydrolysis

43
Q

what does BMR stand for?

A

Basal metabolic rate

44
Q

define BMR?

A

energy required at rest

45
Q

what units is BMR measured in?

A

joules per hour per kg

46
Q

why does BMR vary with size?

A

larger size = more energy required at rest

47
Q

why does BMR vary with age?

A

BMR decreases with age

48
Q

why does BMR vary with Gender?

A

men need more energy- calorie wise dur to muscles

49
Q

why does BMR vary with external temperature?

A

more energy required in the cold

50
Q

what is the equation for BMI ?

A

BMI = Body mass divided by height (squared)

51
Q

what are the three types of drugs that can be used to treat high blood pleasure?

A

1- ACE inhibitors
2- calcium channel blockers
3- diuretics

52
Q

how do ACE inhibitors work?

A
  • work in kidneys
  • angiotesten- squeezes arteries (increase in blood pressure)
  • stops thee enzyme producing angiotesten
  • stops vasoconstriction
53
Q

how do calcium channel blockers work?

A
  • they prevent the release of internal calcium stores into cell cytosin-(calcium stores)
  • blocks calcium entry into muscles in blood vessels . results in les contracting blood vessels lower blood preasure.
  • can make your heart contract less efficiently
54
Q

how does diuretics work?

A

increases urain output in the kidneys

55
Q

what is the role of statins in reducing blood cholesterol levels ?

A

battels LDL’s - cholesterol
operates within the liver
reduces production of LDL’s (bad cholesterol)

56
Q

what is the role of a diet to reduce the risk of CVD’s in reducing blood cholesterol levels?

A

less salt in diet
more exercise
less fats

topic 1 - life style, health and risk (1 decks)

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