topic 1 booklet info Flashcards
define hydrophilic
attracted to water
define hydrophobic
repelled by water
which side of the heart is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?
right- deoxygenated left- oxygenatd
starting from outside to in label the 4 key structures of an artery
1-collagen fibers
2-muscle and elastin
3-endothelium
4-narrow central lumen
summaries step 1 of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole
atrial contraction begins
both atrial ventricular valves are open
summaries step 2 of the cardiac cycle
atria eject blood into the ventricles
filling the ventricles
summaries step 3 of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole ends
the atrial ventricular valves close
ventricles now contain maximum blood volume
summaries step 4 of the cardiac cycle
ventricular systole begins
- muscle cells develop tension- but do not contract
pressure in the ventricle rises
summaries step 5 of the cardiac cycle
semi-lunar valves open
ventricular muscles contract.
and shorten blood flow into the aorta
summaries step 6 of the cardiac vascular cycle
ventricular pressure falls
semilunar valves close
summaries step 7 of the cardiac cycle
ventricular diastole
ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
all heart valves close and ventricles relax
summaries step 8 of the cardiac cycle
atrial pressure is higher then ventricular pressure
atrial ventricular valves open .
passive ventricular filling cycle ends.
what is atherosclerosis?
a build up of fats, cholesterol and calcium in arteries.
specific disease depends on which arteries is affected.
list 3 symptoms of stroke
face may drop
slurred speech
blurred vision
list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease (angina)
breathlessness
nausea
tight heavy chest
list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease ( myocardial infarction)
feeling weak or light headed
chest pain
shortness of breath
what is the first step of blood clotting?
platelets stick to damaged wall of blood vessel
what is the second step of blood clotting?
platelets stick to damaged wall and to each other, forming a platelet plug
what is the third step of blood clotting?
fibrin mesh traps blood cells, forming a clot.
where does atherosclerosis usually form plaque inside?
the arteries
in atherosclerosis the plaque begins to form after damage to…..?
endothelium cells
in atherosclerosis endothelium cells may be damaged due to…..?
blood flowing quickly under high pressure
the plaque formed in atherosclerosis consists of …..?
fatty deposits
why do scientists often set up a null hypothesis before carrying out an investigation?
statistics cannot prove something is always right so instead we focus on saying something isn’t right
what are the two types of studies that epidemiologists may use to identify risk?
cohort studies and case control
what is a cohort study?
where a group of people are followed over a long period of time to see if they develop the disease.
what is the case control type of study?
where a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who do not have the disease.
name 3 ways to ensure reliable data?
- having a hypothesis
- lots of participants
- control variables
name three risk factors associated with CVD?
high blood cholesterol
inactivity
obesity
what is a monomer?
a single molecule which can be joined together
what is a polymer?
long chains of repeated molecules joined by bonds
what is a monosaccharide?
a single sugar unit
what is a disaccharide?
two single sugar units joint by glyosidic bond
what is a polysaccharide?
more the two single sugar units joined together by a glyosidic bond
what is the structure and chemical properties of the glucose molecule ?
sweet, small, soluble, crystalline, monosaccharide.
structure and chemical properties of of starch?
insoluble polysaccharide formed from two glucose polymers: branched amylopectin with 1,4 and 1,6 glyosidic links and helical amylose with 1,4 glyosidic bonds only
name the structure and chemical properties of maltose?
2 alpha glucose
name the structure chemical properties of of a sucrose molecule?
sweet, soluble, crystalline disaccharide formed by condensation reaction between glucose and fructosee.
name the structure and chemical properties of a glycogen molecule?
big insoluble bond- can be used as a storage for for energy and can be broken down to make energy. Alpha glucose
what is the chemical reaction that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?
condensation reaction
what is the name of the bond that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?
covalent bond
name the reaction that would split an ester bond to release a fatty acid ?
hydrolysis
what does BMR stand for?
Basal metabolic rate
define BMR?
energy required at rest
what units is BMR measured in?
joules per hour per kg
why does BMR vary with size?
larger size = more energy required at rest
why does BMR vary with age?
BMR decreases with age
why does BMR vary with Gender?
men need more energy- calorie wise dur to muscles
why does BMR vary with external temperature?
more energy required in the cold
what is the equation for BMI ?
BMI = Body mass divided by height (squared)
what are the three types of drugs that can be used to treat high blood pleasure?
1- ACE inhibitors
2- calcium channel blockers
3- diuretics
how do ACE inhibitors work?
- work in kidneys
- angiotesten- squeezes arteries (increase in blood pressure)
- stops thee enzyme producing angiotesten
- stops vasoconstriction
how do calcium channel blockers work?
- they prevent the release of internal calcium stores into cell cytosin-(calcium stores)
- blocks calcium entry into muscles in blood vessels . results in les contracting blood vessels lower blood preasure.
- can make your heart contract less efficiently
how does diuretics work?
increases urain output in the kidneys
what is the role of statins in reducing blood cholesterol levels ?
battels LDL’s - cholesterol
operates within the liver
reduces production of LDL’s (bad cholesterol)
what is the role of a diet to reduce the risk of CVD’s in reducing blood cholesterol levels?
less salt in diet
more exercise
less fats
