Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
Draw a molecule of alpha glucose and a molecule of beta glucose
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Draw a molecule of ribose
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Describe the events within a condensation reaction
Two O-H groups are involved in a condensation reaction; one loses only an H, and the other loses both the O and the H. The remaining O bonds to the carbon of the other molecule, and the other atoms bond to form a water molecule.
How is the structure of glucose related to its functions?
Glucose has a ring structure, and many OH groups attached to the carbon atoms. Because of the large amount of OH groups present, glucose can form polysaccharides in a variety of ways, allowing it to be very diverse.
How is the structure of starch related to its function?
Amylose and amylopectin make up starch, and are both chains of alpha glucose. Amylose is a spiral unbranched chain, which makes it very compact for storage. This is because it has only 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin is branched, and therefore the branching terminals with 1,6 glycosidic bonds can break off when energy is needed in many places, and release lots of energy quickly.
How is the structure of glycogen related to its function?
Glycogen has a similar structure to amylopectin, but it has many more 1,6 glycosidic bonds, and can be broken down more quickly to provide energy for cells with a constantly high respiration rate.
How is the structure of cellulose related to its function?
Cellulose is made of beta glucose, as for beta glucose chains to form, the molecules must be in alternating orientations as the OH groups make it the trans isomer, while alpha glucose is the cis isomer. This alternating pattern means that hydrogen bonds can form between separate chains of cellulose, between the oxygen binding the molecules together and Carbon-6.
What is the general formula of a fatty acid?
RCOOH
How are triglycerides formed?
The OH groups on glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) carry out condensation reactions individually with three fatty acids, forming three C-O-C ester bond and three water molecules.
How does the structure of lipids relate to their functions in storage, insulation and waterproofing?
Lipids are useful in storage in cells, as they are insoluble in water, and will therefore not interfere with cellular reactions. They are useful in insulation in myelin sheaths, and as general heat insulation in animals. They are also useful as waterproofing agents, as they have hydrophobic tails, which can repel water from the surface they are on.
What is the general structure of amino acids?
H2N-CHR-COOH
https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/amino_acid_structure.png
What bond forms between amino acids to form proteins, and where?
A peptide bond forms between an H on the NH2, and the OH on the COOH
What intermolecular forces are present in proteins, and what groups do they connect?
Hydrophobic interactions cause non polar R groups to move to the interior of the protein when in a water based solvent, and hydrophilic interactions do the opposite to polar R groups. Salt bridges cause acidic and basic R groups to attract to each other. Disulphide bridges form between two oxidised cysteine residues.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The repeating pattern in the structure of peptide chains, such as alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3 dimensional folding of the secondary structure
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The 3 dimensional arrangement of multiple tertiary polypeptides
Name the purine bases in DNA and RNA
Adenine and Guanine
Name the pyrimidine bases in DNA and RNA
Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil
What is the role of DNA helicase?
DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds holding two strands of nucleic acid together
What is the role of DNA polymerase?
DNA polymerase lines up DNA nucleotides along the template strand during replication
What is the role of DNA ligase?
DNA ligase catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between DNA nucleotides
Define gene
A sequence of bases in a DNA molecule
Which strand of DNA is the sense strand?
The coding strand
