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Biology > Topic 1: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars where there is one oxygen present and two hydrogen atoms present for each carbon atom.

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3
Q

What are some examples of pentose sugars?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose, important in DNA and RNA.

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4
Q

What are some examples of hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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5
Q

What is a disaccharide made up of?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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6
Q

How do two monosaccharides join together to form a disaccharide?

A

Condensation reaction (H2O molecule removed)

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7
Q

What is the bond in a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond

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8
Q

What monosaccharides join to make sucrose?

A

a-Glucose and fructose

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9
Q

What monosaccharides join to make lactose?

A

a-Glucose and b-Galactose

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10
Q

What monosaccharides join to make maltose?

A

a-Glucose and a-Glucose

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction, joined by glycosidic bonds.

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12
Q

How is a polysaccharides structure ideal for storage?

A

-They can form compact molecules
-Glycosidic bonds are easily broken, allowing rapid release of monosaccharides.

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13
Q

How does the structure of amylose and amylopectin differ?

A

Amylose forms a spiral chain, made purely of 1,4-glycosidic chains
Amylopectin forms branching chains as it has 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic chains.

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14
Q

How is amylose’s structure related to the function?

A

The coiled structure allows the molecule to be compact, making it good for storage

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15
Q

How is amylopectin’s structure related to the function?

A

Branched structure so it is broken down more quickly so glucose can be released when needed

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16
Q

What isomer of glucose is cellulose made up of?

A

B-Glucose

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17
Q

Why is B-glucose in cellulose inverted?

A

So that hydroxyl groups stick out on both sides and hydrogen bonds form between the chains to form microfibrils.

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18
Q

How is cellulose’s structure related to its function?

A

Microfibrils are strong, which provides the cell wall with strength so it can support the plants structure.

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19
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

a-Glucose

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20
Q

What is glycogen’s structure?

A

1,6-glycosdic bonds give glycogen a branched structure and it is stored as small granules.

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21
Q

How is glycogen’s structure related to its function?

A

Less dense and more soluble than starch and broken down more rapidly due to the branched structure.

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22
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Form an Important integral part of cell membranes as an energy store.

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23
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol combined?

A

Using ester bonds

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24
Q

How can fatty acids differ?

A

-The length of the carbon chain
-The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated

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25
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it by a single covalent bond

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26
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

The carbon chains have one or more double covalent bonds in them.

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27
Q

How is a triglyceride formed ?

A

An ester bond is formed between glycerol and three fatty acids in a condensation reaction.

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28
Q

Are lipids containing saturated fatty acids going to solid or liquid at room temperature?

A

solid

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29
Q

Why is lipids hydrophobic nature important in plants?

A

Plants use lipids as waxes for waterproofing their outer surfaces to minimise the loss of water.

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30
Q

What are two other characteristics of lipids, except from being hydrophobic?

A

-Good insulators (myelin sheath)
-Low density (float easily)

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31
Q

Are lipid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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32
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate-Glycerol-Hydrophobic tail

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33
Q

What reaction joins amino acids together?

A

Condensation reaction

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34
Q

What bonds form between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

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35
Q

What is a chain of hundreds of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide chain

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36
Q

What three bonds are present in proteins?

A

-Hydrogen bonds
-Disulfide bonds
-Ionic bonds

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37
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain.

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38
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The arrangement of the polypeptide chain into a regular structure, held by hydrogen bonds

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39
Q

What are two examples of secondary protein structures?

A

a-helix
b-pleated sheets

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40
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional folding of the secondary structure

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41
Q

What proteins are an example of a tertiary structure?

A

Globular proteins

42
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.

43
Q

What are some characteristics of fibrous proteins?

A

-insoluble in water
-very strong, appearing in the structure of connective tissue

44
Q

What is the structure of fibrous proteins?

A

-little or no tertiary structure
-Long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages

45
Q

What is an example of a fibrous protein?

A

Collagen

46
Q

How many polypeptide chains are collagen made up of?

A

Three

47
Q

How are the polypeptide chains arranged in collagen?

A

In a triple helix, held together by lots of hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Where is collagen found?

A

Tendons, bones and skin

49
Q

What is an example of a globular protein?

A

Haemoglobin

50
Q

What is the structure of a globular protein?

A

Complex tertiary sometimes quaternary structures, folded in spherical shapes.

51
Q

How many polypeptide chains/haem groups are in haemoglobin?

A

Four

52
Q

What bonds are between the polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

A

Disulfide bonds

53
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

A non-amino acidic component that is apart of a protein structure e.g. the Fe+ found on haem groups

54
Q

What are conjugated proteins?

A

Protein molecules that are joined to another molecule called a prosthetic group.

55
Q

What prosthetic group is haemoglobin joined to?

A

Iron-containing prothetic group

56
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

A protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

57
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

To hold onto a lot of water to be used as lubricants (eg, mucus)

58
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

A protein with a lipid prosthetic group

59
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

To transport cholesterol in the blood

60
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

-Add biuret solution
-A purple colour indicates protein presence

61
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

-A phosphate
- A pentose sugar
- A base

62
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A

-Energy currency for a cell (ATP)
-Building blocks for DNA and RNA

63
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine and guanine

64
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine, thymine and uracil

65
Q

What makes nucleotides carry a negative charge?

A

The phosphate group

66
Q

How is the sugar, base and phosphate group joined together?

A

Condensation reaction

67
Q

How many phosphate groups does ATP have?

A

Three

68
Q

What happens when energy is needed in a cell?

A

-The third phosphate bond is broken by a hydrolysis reaction

69
Q

What enzyme breaks down ATP?

A

ATPase

70
Q

What product is formed from the breakdown of ATP?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

71
Q

What bonds hold together bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

72
Q

How many bonds are between C and G?

A

Three bonds

73
Q

How many bonds are between A and T?

A

Two bonds

74
Q

What happens in semi-conservative replication?

A

The DNA unwinds and new nucleotides align along each strand

75
Q

What happens in conservative replication?

A

The double helix remains intact and new strands form

76
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the unwinding of DNA?

A

DNA helicase

77
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Lines up and catalyses the linking up of the nucleotides along the template strand

78
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

Catalyses the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between the two strands of DNA

79
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

The surface of the ribosomes

80
Q

What is a triplet code?

A

The code of three bases, giving 64 possible combinations

81
Q

What is the definition of a gene

A

A sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids, that affect the phenotype

82
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three bases on the DNA or RNA

83
Q

how is the code non-overlapping?

A

Each base in a gene is only part of one triplet of bases that codes for one amino acid

84
Q

What is an advantage of a non-overlapping code?

A

If point mutation occurs, It will only affect one codon and therefore one amino acid

85
Q

How is the code degenerate?

A

The genetic code contains more information than is needed, there are 64 combinations.

86
Q

What is the advantage of a degenerate code?

A

If the final base in the triplet is changed, the mutation could still produce the same amino acid with no effect on the organism

87
Q

Where does mRNA form a template?

A

On the antisense strand of the DNA

88
Q

What does mRNA code for?

A

The sense strand

89
Q

How does mRNA allow protein synthesis to take place?

A

-Passes through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm
-Moves to the surface of the ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place

90
Q

What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Picks up particular amino acids from the cytoplasm and transports them to the surface of a ribosome to align with mRNA

91
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to the bases in a mRNA codon

92
Q

What is the function of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

To hold together the mRNA and tRNA and act as enzymes controlling the process of protein synthesis

93
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA information copied to mRNA

94
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA information translated into specific sequence of amino acids

95
Q

What is mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA of an organism

96
Q

What are the three types of point mutation?

A

-Substitution
-Deletion
-Insertion

97
Q

What is a substitution?

A

One base in a gene is substituted for another

98
Q

What is a deletion?

A

Where a base is completely lost in the sequence

99
Q

What is an insertion?

A

When an extra base is added, either a replication or a new base completely

100
Q

How can mutations be advantgeous?

A

Could result in the production of a new and superior protein, giving an organism a reproductive advantage

101
Q

What happens in sickle cell disease?

A

Haemoglobin molecules stick together to form rigid rods that give red blood cells a sickle shape

102
Q

What mutation happens in sickle cell disease?

A

Point mutation, affects the protein chains making up haemoglobin

Biology (26 decks)

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